Abstract
A three-month-old female infant presented with abdominal distention for 2 months. A large palpable mass in right upper quadrant was noted on physical exam. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a large heterogeneous mass with multiple cystic components. Mass was surgically excised and pathology was consistent with mature adrenal teratoma. Teratoma is a germ cell tumor mainly found in gonadal tissues. Occurrence of adrenal gland teratoma in children is very rare with less than 10 pediatric case reports in English literature. We present a rare case of primary adrenal tumor in an infant and a review of the literature.
1. Introduction
Teratoma is a rare germ cell tumor (GCT) that develops from totipotent stem cells which differentiate into chaotically intermixed tissues that are foreign to the anatomic site in form which they arose. Tissue components that comprise the tumor are from all three embryonic germ layers; endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm [1]. Incidence of GCT is very rare and is approximately 12 cases per million persons under twenty years of age [2, 3]. While in the adult population GCTs are almost always gonadal, in the pediatric population extragonadal tumors comprise two-thirds of cases. Teratoma is the most common GCT. The most common extragonadal site for teratoma is the sacrococcygeal and presacral region [3]. Additionally, teratomas have been reported to occur in the anterior mediastinum, retroperitoneum, and cranial regions. Primary teratomas in the retroperitoneum are seen in approximately 5% of cases in infants and primary adrenal teratomas are extremely rare [4]. In English literature, less than ten cases have been reported in the pediatric population (under 21 years of age). We report a case of a 3-month-old infant with primary adrenal cystic teratoma.
2. Case Report
A three-month-old female infant, without any significant past medical or perinatal history, presented with a 2-month history of a gradually increasing abdominal distention. Patient was otherwise growing and developing well. A large palpable mass was found on examination which was predominantly located in right upper quadrant, cystic in consistency. An abdominal ultrasound was performed and revealed a large heterogeneous mass (8 cm × 10 cm) with multiple cystic components and calcification with inferior displacement of right kidney. An abdominal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a heterogeneous mass extending from the right suprarenal fossa and into the peritoneal cavity measuring 10.2 cm × 10.5 cm × 8.5 cm with multiple large collections consistent with cystic components, displacing the right kidney inferiorly (Figure 1).
To rule out neuroblastoma MIBG scan was performed and was negative and urine vanillylmandelic acids (VMA) were also negative. Additionally other tumor markers, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and LDH, were appropriate for age. Complete blood counts were also normal including hemoglobin and hematocrit.
The patient underwent open laparotomy. The mass was located in the right retroperitoneum pushing right colon, duodenum, IVC, portal vein, pancreas, and portal triad anteromedially and liver and gall bladder superiorly. No metastatic disease was identified. The mass was completely excised. Gross dimensions of the tumor were 10 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm, weighing 380 grams. The mass had heterogeneous quality with multiple cystic areas as well as hard bony areas. It consists of an unoriented, irregular, partially opened tan-white mass. Cut section of the mass revealed cystic spaces and solid areas. Cystic spaces were filled with clear fluid and lined with smooth tan/pink surface with focal areas of hemorrhage (Figure 2). The tumor was mainly composed of well differentiated neural tissue, skeletal muscle and bone; cystic areas lined by squamous epithelium, salivary type glandular epithelium. Intestinal and colonic mucosa were also present without any evidence of immature elements consistent with mature adrenal teratoma (Figure 3).
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3. Discussion
Teratomas are classified as 1 of 4 variants: mature, immature, teratoma with malignant transformation, and monodermal [11]. According to the location of tumor, teratomas can be classified into gonadal and extragonadal teratomas. Gonadal teratomas are more common in adults, mostly primary neoplasms, usually take place in gonads (testes and ovaries). Extragonadal sites account for 15% of all teratomas, and the retroperitoneum in the first 6 months of life is the least common location [12]. Retroperitoneal mature cystic teratomas are characterized by a bimodal peak in incidence, occurring in the first 6 months of life and then in early childhood. Approximately half of all cases are diagnosed within the first year of life. Only 10% to 20% occur in adults over the age of 30 years [13].
Adrenal teratomas are usually benign, have no clinical manifestations, and are not associated with elevated markers unless malignancy is present. The retroperitoneum provides a large space for the mass to grow; thus tumors are typically large at the time of presentation. Patients can present with abdominal distension, abdominal pain, low back pain, and intestinal obstruction caused by compression or may be asymptomatic and the mass can be discovered incidentally. Cystic teratomas may rupture and cause sudden onset of abdominal pain, ascites, and peritonitis [1, 14].
The diagnosis of adrenal teratoma relies predominantly on imaging because the findings from laboratory examinations will often be normal. Plain abdominal film often shows calcification. Sonography can identify the cystic, solid, or complex components of the tumor [15]. Magnetic resonance imaging is better than sonography and CT to demonstrate anatomical relationships [16]. A postoperative pathologic examination is required for a definitive diagnosis. Surgical complete resection and close follow-up are recommended therapy for mature teratomas. The prognosis is favorable for benign adrenal teratoma after complete resection. In review of English literature so far 7 cases of adrenal teratoma have been reported in pediatric patients under 21 years of age and are described in Table 1.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.