Catatonia in Older Adult Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

Table 1

Timeline of important events in the history of the diagnosis of catatonia.

Year	Event	Reference
1874	Kahlbaum described catatonia as a distinct entity.	[4, 5]
1919	Kraepelin described catatonia as a subtype of schizophrenia (dementia praecox), although he also stated it could be found in mood disorders (manic-depressive illness).	[6]
1974	Gjessing published an article in English summarizing his long experience with periodic catatonia, which sometimes is a familial illness.	[7]
1976	Gelenberg published an influential review which suggested that catatonia is a syndrome instead of being a form of schizophrenia.	[8]
1976	Abram and Taylor published their influential prospective study suggesting that the most frequent cause of catatonia in their US hospital was mood disorders.	[9]
1979	Leonhard’s textbook fifth edition was translated into English. In his view, catatonic symptoms can be found in (1) motility psychoses (under cycloid psychoses); (2) familial periodic catatonia (under unsystematic schizophrenias); and (3) nongenetic forms of catatonic schizophrenia (under systematic schizophrenias).	[10]
1980	DSM-III included catatonia as a type of schizophrenia.	[11]
1987	DSM-IIIR, as in DSM-III, continues to describe catatonia as a type of schizophrenia.	[12]
1990	Taylor published a comprehensive review on catatonia.	[1]
1991	First article by Fink and Taylor proposing a separate DSM category for catatonia.	[13]
1994	DSM-IV included catatonia as a type of schizophrenia, a specifier for mood episode, and a disorder secondary to a medical condition.	[14]
1997	Peralta et al. studied 567 psychotic patients, identifying 45 catatonic patients, most of whom appear to fit in a separate group, as Leonhard proposed in the motility psychoses.	[15]
2003	Influential article by Taylor and Fink proposing that DSM create a category for catatonia.	[16]
2004	DSM-IV-TR, as did DSM-IV, included catatonia as a type of schizophrenia, a specifier for mood episode, and a disorder secondary to a medical condition.	[17]
2006	Taylor and Fink published an influential book in catatonia.	[18]
2013	DSM-5 described catatonia as separate syndrome.; DSM-5 required 3 of 12 catatonic symptoms to make the diagnosis of catatonia. The symptoms are; (1) stupor, (2) catalepsy, (3) waxy flexibility, (4) mutism, (5) negativism, (6) posturing, (7) mannerism, (8) stereotypy, (9) agitation not influenced by external stimuli, (10) grimacing, (11) echolalia, and (12) echopraxia.	[19]