Top-Down Computerized Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia: A Case Study of an Individual with Impairment in Verbal Fluency
Table 2
Case A’s results on neuropsychological and clinical assessments.
Baseline
Posttest
Score
PR
Score
PR
Cognitive Tests
Intelligence
Global IQa
88
21
95
37
Verbal episodic memory
CVLT-II total recall
55
55
50
50
CVLT-II delayed recall
14
84
14
70
CVLT-II recognition
16
70
14
70
Visual episodic memory
RCFT immediate recall
12
1
23.5
50
RCFT delayed recall
20
1
43
24
RCFT recognition
23
86
19
8
Sustained attention
CPT-hit reaction timeb
0.05
97.12
0.02
74.66
CPT-hit standard errorb
0.03
62.12
0.00
47
Selective attention
CPT omissionsb
0
20.8
1
30.41
CPT commissionsb
11
37.24
14
52.37
CPT detectability
0.62
56.92
0.52
65.3
Stroop D-KEFS inhibition
66
16
64
16
Working Memory
Total spatial span
20
84
18
63
Total digit span
16
37
18
50
Executive function/problem solving
WCST total errors
20
42
17
50
WCST number of categories completed
6
>16
6
>16
WCST trials 1st category
13
11–16
11
>16*
WCST failure to maintain set
0
>16
0
>16
WCST learning to learn
2.8
>16
−1.52
>16
Executive function/initiation
Letter fluency test
6
2
12
25
Category fluency test
12
3
21
44
Executive function/planning
Total number of problems solved with minimal movements
4
40
1
9
Total time violations
0
66
0
66
Total rules violations
0
55
0
55
Clinical Tests
GAF
48
n/a
48
n/a
PANSS
85
n/a
74
n/a
Positive Symptoms Scale
14
n/a
14
n/a
Negative Symptoms Scale
23
n/a
21
n/a
General Psychopathological Scale
48
n/a
39
n/a
aGlobal IQ was reported in standardized score. bThe PR of CPT scale is reversed. Higher PR indicates more severe impairment. Percentile rank:PR. The scores correspond to the raw score obtained for each variable; California verbal learning test-II: CVLT-II; Rey complex figure test: RCFT; global IQ as measured with the WAIS-III; continuous performance test-II: CPT-II; Wisconsin card sorting test-128 cards: WCST; global assessment of functioning: GAF; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale: PANSS; not applicable (n/a). *Deficit at baseline improved to normal at posttest scores.
