Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii Infection Mimicking Malignancy on the ¹⁸F-FDG PET Scan in a Patient Receiving Etanercept: A Case Report and Literature Review

Table 2

A selected list of published case reports of M. kansasii infection in patients on anti-TNF-alpha drugs [19, 20].

Reference	Age (years)/gender	Underlying disease	Site of infection	Type of TNF-alpha inhibitor	Antimicrobial therapy	Outcome
[19]	48/female	Sarcoidosis	Confluent vesicles on the dorsum of the left foot	Etanercept, followed by infliximab	R, I, E x 9 months	Resolved
[20]	53/female	Behcet’s disease	Bilateral olecranon bursitis	Infliximab	R, *Cl/Ci, E x 19 months; Bursectomy	Resolved
Index case	66/male	Rheumatoid arthritis	Lung	Etanercept	R, I, E x 12 months	Resolved

R: rifampin; I: isoniazid; and E: ethambutol.
*Cl/Ci: clarithromycin (Cl) was changed to ciprofloxacin (Ci) after 2 weeks due to persistent nausea; ciprofloxacin was stopped after 2 months of therapy because of Achilles tendinitis. The patient completed rifampin and ethambutol for 19 months.