Hypokalemic Paralysis due to Primary Sjögren Syndrome: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Table 2

Comparative treatment in hypokalemic paralysis due to distal RTA in Sjögren syndrome patients.

Reference	Type of study	Number of patients	Age (years); mean	Extraglandular manifestations besides dRTA	Treatment	Follow-up	Outcome
Goroshi et al.	Case series	13	33.1	Arthritis, arthralgias, vasculitis	Symptomatic; Extraglandular: HCQ and MTX	2.8 years (0.5–4)	No improvement in reduction of HCO3 or K requirements
Khadgawat et al.	Report of cases	2	20.5	No	Symptomatic	Not reported	—
Soy et al.	Case report	1	39	Arthralgia, myalgia, nephrolithiasis	Symptomatic and methylprednisolone	2 years	Stable clinical evolution
Cheng et al.	Report of cases	2	76	Nephrocalcinosis	Symptomatic and prednisolone	5–12 months	Stable clinical evolution
Kawashima et al.	Case report	1	39	Osteomalacia, interstitial nephritis	Symptomatic and prednisolone	2 years	Relapse after stopping treatment
Comer et al.	Case report	1	43	No	Symptomatic	2 years	Stable clinical evolution
Seirafian et al.	Case report	1	64	No	Symptomatic, prednisolone, and HCQ	Not reported	—
Vaidya and Ganeshpure	Case report	1	23	No	Symptomatic	1.5 years	Stable clinical evolution
Sarah et al.	Report of cases	2	35	No	Symptomatic	Not reported	—
Rao et al.	Report of cases	3	37	Not reported	Symptomatic	Not reported	—
Nail et al.	Case report	1	65	No	Symptomatic	Not reported	—
Rajagopala et al.	Case report	1	36	Medullary nephrocalcinosis, recurrent CNS demyelination, neuromyelitis optica Secondary APS with thrombosis	Symptomatic, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, CYC, and AZA	3 months	Stable clinical evolution
Palkar et al.	Case report	1	58	Low-grade fever	Symptomatic	Not reported	Stable clinical evolution
Dasari et al.	Case report	1	40	No	Symptomatic and prednisolone	6 months	Stable clinical evolution
Singhvi et al.	Case report	1	30	No	Symptomatic and prednisolone	6 months	Stable clinical evolution
Chang et al.	Report of cases	2	10	One patient: carotid artery stenosis	Symptomatic	3–6 years	One patient: four relapses
Eriksson et al.	Report of cases	6	64.6	Not reported	No reported	Not reported	—
Taylor and Parsons	Case report	1	55	No	Symptomatic	Not reported	—
Carminati et al.	Case report	1	32	No	Symptomatic	Not reported	—
Muthukrishnan et al.	Case report	1	39	No	Symptomatic and prednisolone	2 years	Stable clinical evolution
Prakash et al.	Case report	1	49	No	Symptomatic, methylprednisolone, prednisolone	16 days	Died
Skalova et al.	Case report	1	16	No	Symptomatic, methylprednisolone, CYL	Not reported	Stable clinical evolution
Liao et al.	Case report	1	49	Not reported	Symptomatic	Not reported	—
Sengul et al.	Case report	1	48	No	Symptomatic, prednisolone, HCQ	Not reported	—
Yilmaz et al.	Case report	1	53	No	Symptomatic, methylprednisolone, HCQ, AZA	10 days	Stable clinical evolution
Logan and Ahmed	Case report	1	36	No	Symptomatic, HCQ	3 years	Stable clinical evolution
Fujimoto et al.	Case report	1	27	Kidney lithiasis	Symptomatic	4 months	Stable clinical evolution
Mugundhan et al.	Case report	1	38	Nephrocalcinosis	Symptomatic and prednisolone	Not reported	—
Garza-Alpirez et al.	Case report	1	31	Polyarthralgias	Symptomatic, HCQ	8 months	Stable clinical evolution

Symptomatic: potassium (K) and bicarbonate (HCO₃); HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; MTX: methotrexate; CYC: cyclophosphamide; AZA: azathioprine; MM: mycophenolate mofetil; CYL: cyclosporine A; APS: antiphospholipid syndrome; extraglandular manifestation: arthritis, arthralgia, and vasculitis.