|
| Interesting contribution to diagnosis | Ultrasonographic method | Signs | Treatment |
|
| Pericardial effusion [28] | Direct visualization | Hypoanechoic layer posterior to the heart | Monitoring |
| Pericardial tamponade [17] | Repeated assessment of pericardial effusion | 50% IVC change in diameter during inspiration (sensitive/nonspecific)/RA collapse that exceeds one-third of cardiac cycle is nearly 100% sensitive and specific/RV diastolic collapse (nonsensitive)/inspiratory septal shift is not specific | Ultrasound-guided long-needle periocardiocentesis |
| Intravascular volume depletion estimation [40] | Measurement of the diameter of the IVC just below the diaphragm | cIVC (IVCmax − IVCmin)/IVCmax >42% | Follow-up after fluid administration |
| PE [36, 41] | Assessment of lung sonographic artifacts | Presence of B-line artifacts: absence of A-line artifacts | Monitoring |
| Pneumothorax [34] | Lung sliding detection | Absence of lung sliding and lung points | To guide decompression of the correct pleural space |
| Pleural effusion [25] | Direct visualization | Hypoanechoic layer of polygonal area under the pleural line | Chest tube placement and verification |
| Pulmonary contusion [25] | Direct visualization | Lung hepatization: B-lines and shred sign | Monitoring |
| Soft tissue infection of the chest wall [18] | Direct visualization | Cellulitis has cobblestone appearance/abscesses are complex structures | Guide planning for the best location for incision and drainage |
| Bony thoracic cage fractures | Direct visualization of the fracture and evaluation of complications (e.g., pneumothorax, pleural effusion, lung contusion, and hematoma of the chest wall) | Chimney phenomenon, interruption of cortical bone, and soft tissue hematoma | |
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