Peripheral Vascular Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 2

Summary of studies measuring in vivo endothelial function in adult patients with CKD.

Study	Reported degree of CKD	Method	Finding
Yilmaz et al. [25]	Stage 1	FMD	Improved following 12-week treatment with ramipril
Yilmaz et al. [26]	Stage 1–4	FMD	Improved following 3-month treatment with ramipril or valsartan
Nanayakkara et al. [27]	CCr = 38 ± 15	FMD	Improvement following 18-month stepwise treatment with pravastatin, vitamin E, and homocysteinie lowering therapy
Annuk et al. [28]	CCr = 29.4 ± 24.0	VOP	Impaired and related to degree of renal impairment
Annuk et al. [29]	CCr = 25.1 ± 16.2	VOP	Impairments correlated to markers of oxidative stress
Annuk et al. [30]	Serum Cr = 287 ± 143	VOP	Improved by acute COX inhibition or L-arginine treatment
Annuk et al. [31]	Stage 3–5	VOP	Negatively correlated to levels of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH)
Ghiadoni et al. [32]	Stage 3–5, hemodialysis	FMD	Acute vitamin C infusion restored impaired function in hemodialysis but not in CKD
Costa-Hong et al. [33]	ESRD	FMD	Plasma TBARS levels associated with impaired endothelial-dependent dilation in patients without symptoms of CVD
Cross et al. [34]	Predialysis hemodialysis	VOP, FMD	Acute infusion of vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent dilation in forearm resistance vasculature but not in brachial artery
Cross et al. [35]	Predialysis, hemodialysis	VOP, FMD	Local or systemic L-arginine infusion did not improve resistance or endothelial-dependent dilation

FMD = flow-mediated dilation; VOP = venous occlusion plethysmography; CCr = creatinine clearance (mL/min/1.73 m²); Serum Cr = serum creatinine (μmol/L).