Review Article
Current Ablation Strategies for Persistent and Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Table 1
Complications during catheter ablation of persistent and long-standing persistent AF.
| Type of complication | Symptoms | Incidence |
| Atrio-oesophageal fistula | Fever, dysphagia | Rare (0.06%) | Vascular complications (Arteriovenous fistula, arterial aneurysm, haematoma) | Pain at puncture site | 0.8% | Phrenic nerve injury | Cough, dyspnea, atelectasis, and/or thoracic pain | 0.3% | Pulmonary vein stenosis | Cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain, and recurrent lung infections | 0.71% | Pulmonary edema (18–48 h after the procedure) | Dyspnea, fever, elevated CRP levels | Rare | Cerebrovascular events | Neurological deficit | 0.65% | Tambonade/Effusion | Hypotension, dyspnea cardiac arrest | 1.4% (0.8–6%) | Death | | 0.1–0.15% |
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