Research Article
Betel Nut Chewing and Subclinical Ischemic Heart Disease in Diabetic Patients
Table 1
Comparisons between patients chewing and not chewing betel nut and having and not having subclinical ischemic heart disease (IHD).
| | | Betel nut chewing | Subclinical IHD | | | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| | n | 349 | 45 | 323 | 71 | | Age, years | 63.9 (9.3) | 56.3 (8.6)** | 62.0 (9.4) | 67.6 (9.1)** | | Diabetic duration, years | 10.4 (7.6) | 10.3 (8.8) | 10.4 (7.6) | 10.7 (8.5) | | Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5 (3.0) | 25.9 (3.7)** | 24.6 (3.2) | 24.8 (2.9) | | Smoking, % | 60.5 | 86.7** | 63.2 | 64.8 | | Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 159.4 (57.3) | 178.6 (74.8)* | 162.2 (56.5) | 159.1 (72.9) | | Hypertension, % | 52.4 | 60.0 | 52.3 | 57.8 | | Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132.8 (15.8) | 131.9 (16.1) | 132.1 (15.4) | 135.2 (17.5) | | Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 83.2 (8.8) | 84.8 (7.0) | 83.4 (8.4) | 83.1 (9.6) | | Dyslipidemia, % | 56.0 | 68.9 | 56.5 | 62.0 | | Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 199.8 (45.9) | 196.9 (38.2) | 199.1 (45.1) | 201.3 (44.9) | | Triglyceride, mg/dL | 168.7 (193.3) | 180.0 (83.1) | 168.9 (196.2) | 174.9 (114.6) | | Ischemic heart disease, % | 16.6 | 28.9* | — | — | | Betel nut chewing, % | — | — | 9.9 | 18.0* |
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