Elevated serum levels Similar levels in both HD and PD Associated to heart disease in dialysis [4]
TNF-α
Decline
Elevated serum level Enhance gene expression of TNF-α in circulating blood cells in uraemia Elevated TNF-α associated to increased mortality in HD Anorexia and a poor nutritional status in PD [4]
IL-6
Decline
Elevated serum levels Reliable predictor of mortality Better mortality predictor than TNF-α in CKD and HD [4]
PAI-1
Decline
Elevated serum level Plasma PAI-1 levels increase in several chronic inflammatory states that are associated with CKD It may contribute to the pathogenesis of the accelerated vascular disease in this patient population [74]
Leptin
Improvement
Markedly elevated serum level Clinical marker of body fat content in dialysis Associated to inflammation, atherogenic lipid profile, and insulin resistance in CKD Low leptin is an independent risk factor for mortality in HD [4]
Adiponectin
Improvement
Elevated serum level Inversely associated with metabolic risk factors in uremia Inversely associated with CV events in HD Improved survival and better outcome in dialysis patients [4]
Visfatin
Improvement
Elevated serum level Anorexigenic Decreased circulating levels of amino acids and triacylglycerols Mortality predictor in CKD [4]
