Author [reference] Design Participants Results Apfelbacher et al. [16 ] Cohort cross-sectional 35,434 children (50.9% boys), 5–7 years old PS was a predictor of being overweight and/or obese Öhrig et al. [22 ] RCT 3495 children (age
6
.
5
±
2
years) In passive smokers the rates of body weight, cholesterol, and triglycerides were higher Hargrave et al. [25 ] Controlled Clinical trial Children-specific numbers not mentioned Significantly higher concentration of cotinine found in children due to exposure in PS from the mother rather than that from father/friends Aycicek and Ipek [26 ] Clinical trial Mothers giving birth PS increased oxidative stress in cord blood Kallio et al. [23 ] RCT 441 children (8–11 years) PS impairs endothelial function in children Kallio et al. [24 ] RCT 386 children (11 years) PS impairs aortic elasticity Neufeld et al. [19 ] Cross-sectional (pilot scale) 161 children and adolescence (2–18 years) High density lipoprotein was significantly lower in passive smokers. PS may increase the risk profile for later atherosclerosis Moskowitz et al. [17 ] Longitudinal 105 PS twin pairs and 111 non-PS twin pairs (all preadolescent children) HDL was lower in PS children. Also, significant adverse alterations were already present in lipoprotein profiles in twin exposed to PS Moskowitz et al. [18 ] Cohort analytic 408 twins (11 years at baseline) HDL is significantly lower in passive smokers. White males that have a history of higher CVD, or higher weight, and/or blood pressure may be at increased risk for developing premature CVD Feldman et al. [20 ] Cross-sectional Healthy adolescents Lower high density lipoprotein in passive smokers Işcan et al. [21 ] Cross-sectional 194 healthy children (4–14 years) Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein were significantly higher in passive smokers Cochran-Black et al. [27 ] Cross-sectional 55 mothers exposed to PS and 31 not exposed to PS No significant differences in counts for total red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and lymphocytes. Absolute nucleated RBCs significantly elevated in the PS exposed group.
