Research Article

Cardiovascular Disease-Related Lifestyle Factors among People with Type 2 Diabetes in Pakistan: A Multicentre Study for the Prevalence, Clustering, and Associated Sociodemographic Determinants

Table 3

The association of clinical and sociodemographic determinants with CVD-related lifestyle factors and their clustering pattern among study participants.

Lifestyle factorsGenderAge (in years)Education (in years)Current SmokingObesityHypercholesterolaemia
MaleFemaleP valueUp to 50> 50P value> 50 to 5P valueYesNoP valueYesNoP valueYesNoP value

Physical activity<0.0010.18<0.0010.330.410.26
 Yes42.928.936.633.546.422.338.934.235.832.736.632.9
 No57.171.163.466.553.677.761.165.864.267.363.467.1
Psychosocial factors0.02<0.0010.0070.0010.290.07
 No32.825.535.823.032.524.415.930.527.631.026.031.5
 Yes67.274.564.277.067.575.684.1569.572.469.074.068.5
Passive smoking0.400.510.420.220.030.06
 No59.360.359.859.960.359.465.559.062.454.462.856.6
 Yes40.739.740.240.139.740.634.541.037.645.637.243.4
Clustering of lifestyle factors<0.0010.004<0.0010.350.870.55
 No factor12.75.911.36.812.44.95.39.38.78.98.09.7
 1 factor32.024.230.725.131.523.230.127.128.126.328.626.3
 2/3 factors55.369.958.068.156.271.864.663.663.264.863.464.0

Data is presented in percentages.