The Emerging Role of TLR and Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease

Figure 1

Summary of current data implicating TLR signaling in various cardiovascular disease processes (figure modified from [13]). BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; Runx2: Runt related transcription factor 2; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; PDGFA: platelet derived growth factor A; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells; ECM: extracellular matrix; LDL: low density lipoprotein; CXCL1: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1; MIP: macrophage-inflammatory protein; ICAM: intracellular adhesion molecule; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase.