Physiologic and Clinical Principles behind Noninvasive Resuscitation Techniques and Cardiac Output Monitoring
Figure 4
Determining stroke volume using thoracic bioimpedance or bioreactance. Schematic representation of stroke volume measured from aortic blood flow by measuring the change in impedance () using thoracic bioimpedance or the relative phase shift () using bioreactance. These parameters are representative of the peak blood flow, and the stroke volume is proportional to the product of this parameter over the ventricular time (VET) for each device, respectively [92].
