Markers of Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Metabolic Syndrome in a Multiethnic Sample of US Adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2008
Table 2
Association between sleep disordered breathing variables and metabolic syndrome.
Sleep variables
Sample size (Metabolic syndrome %)
Age, sex-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Multivariable adjusted* odds ratio (95% CI)
Sleep duration (hours)
≤5 hrs
935 (40.3)
1.31 (1.04–1.64)
1.24 (0.98–1.57)
6 hrs
1412 (38.8)
1.12 (0.94–1.34)
1.11 (0.93–1.34)
7 hrs
1777 (36.6)
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
8 hrs
1621 (35.7)
0.94 (0.78–1.14)
0.92 (0.76–1.11)
≥9 hrs
377 (35.9)
1.01 (0.73–1.40)
0.97 (0.69–1.36)
-trend
0.01
0.02
Snoring (nights/week)
0–2
2952 (27.2)
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
3-4
1188 (39.2)
1.67 (1.42–1.98)
1.69 (1.42–2.00)
≥5
1982 (51.7)
2.78 (2.38–3.25)
2.77 (2.38–3.24)
-trend
<0.0001
<0.0001
Snorting (nights/week)
0–2
5370 (35.0)
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
3-4
394 (47.7)
1.54 (1.16–2.06)
1.52 (1.16–1.98)
≥5
358 (60.2)
2.70 (2.21–3.30)
2.59 (2.13–3.14)
-trend
<0.0001
<0.0001
Daytime sleepiness (times/month)
0-1
3547 (36.1)
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
2–4
1583 (37.0)
1.15 (1.01–1.31)
1.15 (1.01–1.32)
≥5
992 (41.8)
1.54 (1.31–1.81)
1.44 (1.22–1.70)
-trend
<0.0001
<0.0001
Sleep summary score
0
2210 (26.9)
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
1
2424 (40.1)
1.80 (1.47–2.19)
1.80 (1.48–2.19)
2
1100 (46.7)
2.41 (2.03–2.87)
2.38 (1.99–2.85)
≥3
388 (56.8)
4.00 (3.05–5.24)
3.82 (2.89–5.04)
-trend
<0.0001
<0.0001
*Adjusted for age (years), gender (male, female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, others), education (below high school, high school, above high school), smoking (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker), alcohol intake (never, former, current moderate, current heavy), moderate physical activity (absent, present), and depression (absent, present).
