Patterns of Change in Cognitive Function over Six Months in Adults with Chronic Heart Failure

Table 2

Change in indices of cognition by group. Mean ± standard deviation is reported.

Measure of cognition	Enrollment	3 months	6 months	𝐹-test^†
Digit symbol substitution task total score
Adequate processing speed	69.4 ± 11.1	71.5 ± 11.7	74.5 ± 10.7	𝐹 =421.7^‡
Below 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 processing speed	42.3 ± 11.5	44.0 ± 11.0	45.9 ± 11.1
Psychomotor vigilance task lapses
Adequate processing speed	3.8 ± 2.6	3.4 ± 2.8	3.5 ± 2.5	𝐹=23.9^‡
Below 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 processing speed	5.8 ± 3.8	5.4 ± 3.4	5.1 ± 3.4
Trail making Test B time
Adequate processing speed	77.1 ± 32.8	74.6 ± 32.8	67.4 ± 31.2	𝐹=88.8^‡
Below 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 processing speed	134.6 ± 61.7	128.7 ± 57.3	127.4 ± 57.5
Probed recall memory task (out of 4)
Adequate processing speed	2.6 ± 1.2	2.7 ± 1.2	2.9 ± 1.2	𝐹=45.5^‡
Below 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 processing speed	1.6 ± 1.2	1.9 ± 1.3	2.0 ± 1.3
Letter number sequencing test
Adequate processing speed	10.4 ± 3.2	10.5 ± 3.4	10.8 ± 3.7	𝐹=51.0^‡
Below 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 processing speed	7.5 ± 3.2	7.7 ± 3.1	7.7 ± 3.2
Number of cognitive tests with impairment
Adequate processing speed	1.3 ± 0.7	1.4 ± 0.8	1.3 ± 0.8	𝐹=29.8^‡
Below 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 processing speed	2.0 ± 1.1	1.9 ± 1.1	1.7 ± 1.0

^†Test of between-subjects effects; ^‡𝑃value<.0001.