Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin D in Cardiology

Table 3

Potential effects of vitamin D deficiency on the cardiovascular system
Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Predisposition to hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy
Increase in parathyroid hormone
Increase in insulin resistance
Association with diabetes, hypertension, and inflammation
Increase in lipid levels
Increased thickness of the intima-media in carotid arteries
Increased rate of myocardial infarction
Decrease of cardiac function