Echocardiographic Assessment of Preload Responsiveness in Critically Ill Patients
Figure 3
Respiratory vena cava variations in different circumstances. (a) Significant superior vena cava (SVC) collapsibility recorded with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). (b) Significant inferior vena cava (IVC) distensibility recorded with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in a mechanically ventilated patient. (c) Significant vena cava collapsibility recorded with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in a spontaneously breathing patient. Reproduced with permission from Levitov et al. “Critical care Ultrasonography” Mc Graw Hill 2009.
