Review Article
Appreciating the Strengths and Weaknesses of Transthoracic Echocardiography in Hemodynamic Assessments
Table 2
Limitations of cardiac output measurements in ICU by TTE.
| Cannot provide continuous monitoring | Measurements and accuracies can be affected by: | (i) Patient’s position | (ii) Patient’s condition: for example, lung hyperinflation, | cutaneous emphysema, trauma, wound | (iii) Effects of mechanical ventilation | (iv) Suboptimal ultrasound windows: poor image quality | (v) Heart plane motion during measurements | (vi) Doppler angle error: poor angle alignment | (vii) Arrhythmias |
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