Increased Atherothrombotic Burden in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Review of Antiplatelet Therapy

Table 1

Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.

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Impaired vasodilatation due to decreased NO.

Increased vasoconstriction due to increased endothelin-1.

Increased expression of adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1.

Increased expression of chemotactic factors and proinflammatory cytokines.

Increased production of prothrombotic factors (PAI-1, TF, VWF, thromboxane).

Increased oxidative stress.

Increased PKCβ activation.

Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion, and autophagy.

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