Review Article
Epicardial Fat: Physiological, Pathological, and Therapeutic Implications
Table 1
Main adipokines release by EAT and other tissues.
| Adipokines | Production tissue | Mainly associated function | References |
| Anti-inflammatory | | | | Adiponectin | Adipose tissue | Oxidation and transport of fatty acid | [49, 50] | Adrenomedullin | Adipose tissue Adrenal medulla Heart Lung Kidney | Increase in cytosolic Ca2+ ET-1 inhibition NF-κβ inhibition | [51–58] | Omentin | Adipose tissue (specially in epicardial fat) | Akt-phosphorylation in isolated blood vessels, vascular smooth muscle cells, and microvascular endothelial cells Enhancing insulin-mediated Akt-phosphorylation and glucose uptake in adipocytes | [41] |
| Proinflammatory | | | | TNF-α | Adipose tissue Immune system cell | Cellular proliferation NF-κβ translocation Inhibition of adiponectin secretion Lipolysis induction |
[59–64] | IL-6 | IL-1 | IL-8 | Resistin | Adipose tissue Blood mononuclear cells Macrophages | Insulin resistance Angiogenesis Thrombosis Vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation | [42] | Visfatin | Adipose tissue | Cell proliferation Monocyte/macrophage activation and recruitment Vascular inflammation and remodeling Insulin-mimetic Fat-secreted factor? | [43] |
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