The Personalization of Clopidogrel Antiplatelet Therapy: The Role of Integrative Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacometabolomics

Table 2

Platelets function testing devices.

PFT device	Specimen	PFT technique	Laboratory requirement/point of care (POC)	Agonist reagents/Cartridges
Light transmission aggregometry (LTA) [105]	Platelet rich plasma (PRP)	Optical light transmission aggregometry	Requiring trained lab staff and laboratory facility to do the test	ADP, arachidonic acid, epinephrine
Multiple electrode platelet aggregometry (MEA) [105]	Whole blood	Impedance aggregometry	Semiautomated	ADP, arachidonic acid, collagen
VerifyNow® system (VN) [106]	Whole blood	Optical light transmission aggregometry	Fully automated, POC	P2Y12 kit; Aspirin kit; GP IIb/IIIa kit
Platelets function analyser (PFA-100) [109–111]	Whole blood	High shear force dynamic flow system	Semiautomated, POC	Collagen with ADP; Collagen with epinephrine
Impact-R [110]	Whole blood	Shear stress platelet adhesion	Requiring trained lab staff and laboratory facility to do the test. Extensive sample handling is needed	ADP
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation assay using flow cytometry (VASP-P) [107, 108]	Whole blood	Flow cytometric fluorescent quantification of intraplatelet VASP	Requiring trained lab staff, intensive lab work, sample preparation	VASP-P2Y12 assay
Platelet works (PW) [110]	Whole blood	Single platelet count	Semiautomated	ADP

POC: point of care, ADP: adenosine diphosphate, GP IIb/IIIa: glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, and VASP-P: vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation. P2Y12 kit: VerifyNow kit designed to test the P2Y12 receptor blockade to assess the response to P2Y12 inhibitors. Aspirin kit: VerifyNow kit designed to test the response to aspirin via arachidonic acid initiated reaction. GP IIb/IIIa kit: VerifyNow kit designed to test the response to GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. VASP/P2Y12 assay: VASP phosphorylation correlates with the P2Y12 receptor inhibition.