Zipf's Law, Hierarchical Structure, and Cards-Shuffling Model for Urban Development

Table 6

Comparison of hierarchy model between the cases before and after shuffling cards.

Item	Before shuffling cards	After shuffling cards
Mathematical cascade structure	Exist	Keep
Physical cascade structure	Exist	Fade away
Fractal property	Regular fractal	Random fractal
Zipf distribution	Exist	Keep
Network type	Real hierarchy	Dummy hierarchy