Complex Dynamical Behaviors in a Predator-Prey System with Generalized Group Defense and Impulsive Control Strategy

Figure 1

Time series of system (11) when 𝑇=0.66<𝑇_max≈0.6776. (a) 𝑝₁=0,𝑝₂=0,and𝑞=0, without taking any pest-management strategy; (b) 𝑝₁=0.85,𝑝₂=0.55,and𝑞=0, with spraying pesticide (or harvesting) only; (c) 𝑝₁=0,𝑝₂=0,and𝑞=0.2, with releasing of predator (natural enemy) only; (d) 𝑝₁=0.85,𝑝₂=0.55,and𝑞=0.2, with taking integrated pest-management strategy.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)