Abstract

The concepts of stabilization with internal loop are analyzed for well-posed transfer functions. We obtain some sufficient and necessary conditions such that a stabilizing controller with internal loop stabilizes plant . We also analyze two special subclasses of stabilizing controllers with internal loop, called canonical and dual canonical controllers, and show that all stabilizing controllers can be parameterized by a doubly coprime factorization of the original transfer function.

1. Introduction

Control Theory is a relevant field from the mathematical theoretical point of view as well as in many applications (see [16]). What is important, in particular, is the closed-loop stabilization of dynamic system under appropriate feedback control as a minimum requirement to design a well-posed feedback system. In the last twenty years, the closed-loop system whose stability is achieved by the controller with internal loop has attracted the attention of many authors (see [7, 8]). While extending the theory of dynamic stabilization to regular linear systems (a subclass of the well-posed linear systems), it was shown in [7, Example 2.3] that even the standard observer-based controller is not a well-posed linear system and its transfer function is not well-posed. To overcome this, paper [8] proposed another definition of a stabilizing controller which is more general than that has been defined earlier, the so-called stabilizing controller with internal loop. The concept enabled a simple Youla parameterization and has some advantages which turn out to be very important for infinite-dimensional systems. It makes the theory of dynamic stabilization simpler and more natural [8].

Recently, the study of time-varying systems using modern mathematical methods has come into its own. This is a scientific necessity. After all, many common physical systems are time varying (see [914]). Paper [15] studied the concept of stabilization with internal loop for infinite-dimensional discrete time-varying systems and gave a parameterization of all stabilizing controllers with internal loop if has a well-posed inverse in the framework of nest algebra. But in many cases, the controller will not be well-posed, but perhaps stabilizes .

In this paper, we study the stabilization with internal loop for the linear time-varying system under the framework of nest algebra. We extend our study of controllers with internal loop to more general use and give a parameterization of all stabilizing controllers with internal loop even if . It is found that the stabilization with internal loop for the linear time-varying system obtained in [15] can be viewed as a special case of that obtained here. As we know, if the plant is not strictly proper, it is difficult to choose the parameter in such way that the resulting controller will be well-posed. Even if we choose to ignore well-posedness, we still have to ensure that the denominator in the Youla parameterization is invertible. This makes it awkward to use this parameterization to solve the practical problems, while the controller with internal loop overcomes this awkwardness. We obtain canonical and dual canonical controllers and show that all stabilizing controllers can be parameterized by a doubly coprime factorization of the original transfer function.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Mathematical background material and notation are introduced in Section 2. In Section 3, we give some sufficient and necessary conditions that a stabilizing controller with internal loop stabilizes plant . In Section 4, we introduce canonical and dual canonical controllers. We show that a plant is stabilizable with internal loop by a canonical (dual canonical) controller if and only if has a right coprime (left coprime) factorization. We give a complete parameterization of all (dual) canonical stabilizing controllers with internal loop. Some conclusions are drawn in Section 5.

2. Preliminaries

We denote by the nonnegative integers and by the complex numbers. Let be the complex infinite-dimensional Hilbert sequence space: where denotes the standard Euclidean norm on . will denote the extended space:

Definition 1 (see [3]). A family of closed subspaces of the Hilbert space is a complete nest if(1) , .(2)For , , either or .(3)If is a subfamily in , then and are also in .
Every subspace of is identifiable with the orthogonal projection Properties (1) to (3) can be reformulated as follows. , . For , , either or . If is a nest in which converges weakly (equivalently, strongly) to , then .

Definition 2 (see [3]). If is a nest and is its associated family of orthogonal projections, is called a nest algebra, where is the algebra of all bounded linear operators on .
A linear transformation on is causal if for .

Lemma 3 (see [3]). The following are equivalent:(1) on is stable.(2) is causal and is a bound operator.(3) is the extension to of an operator in .

This lemma allow us to identify the algebra of stable operators on with the nest algebra . The restriction of to is in and the extension of to is in . and are identical.

For , , the operator matrix defined on is called the feedback system with plant and compensator .

In Figure 1, represents a given plant (system) and a compensator or controller; , denote the externally applied inputs; , denote the inputs to the plant and compensator, respectively; and , denote the outputs of the compensator and plant, respectively.

The closed-loop system equation are

The system is well-posed if the internal input can be expressed as a causal function of the external input . This is equivalent to requiring that be invertible. The inverse is easily computed formally and is given by the matrix as follows:

The closed-loop system is stable if has a bound causal inverse defined on . The stability of the closed-loop system is equivalent to requiring that the four elements of the matrix be in . is stabilizable if there exists such that is stable.

3. Stabilization with Internal Loop

In this section, a new type of controller is introduced, the so-called stabilizing controller with internal loop; see [1618].

The intuitive interpretation of Figure 2 is as follows: represents the plant and is the transfer function of the controller from to , when all the connections are open. The connection from to is the so-called internal loop.

Partitioning into where , , is the transfer function of the closed-loop system from to .

Suppose is invertible in ; a parameterization of all stabilizing controllers with internal loop is given in [15]. If has a well-posed inverse, the internal loop can be closed first and the transfer function from to is But in many cases, the expression (8) is not defined at all (this can happen if is nowhere invertible).

Example 4. Suppose , It is easy to see that the transfer function (8) of the controller is undefined since . It is not difficult to check that stabilizes with internal loop (this verification can be simplified considerably by using Lemma 10).
In the following, we give some sufficient and necessary conditions such that a stabilizing controller with internal loop stabilizes plant avoiding the condition that is invertible.

Theorem 5. Suppose that is an admissible feedback transfer function for . Then has a well-posed inverse if and only if is invertible in , where .

Proof. Consider the following where , , , , .
Since is invertible in , thus is invertible in if and only if is invertible in .

Further, the condition that has a well-posed inverse is equivalent to that is an admissible feedback transfer function with internal loop for [7], so we have the following result.

Theorem 6. Suppose that is a stabilizing controller for ; then is a stabilizing controller with internal loop for if and only if (i) , where ,(ii)there exist such that , , , , , ,(iii) ,(iv) .

Proof. stabilizes if and only if .
If there exist that satisfy (i)–(iv), all components in are Thus, , is stable.
Conversely, , and all components are where . If , then . Let , ; then , . From and , we have and . Consider , , , , and are stable; thus all other conditions in (ii) hold.

Remark 7. stable is only sufficient condition for stable, but not a necessary condition.

Theorem 8. If  is an admissible controller for , then is stable if and only if (i) ,(ii) ,(iii) , , , , , , .

In fact, the conditions of Theorem 8 are weaker than those of Theorem 6. From the proof of Theorem 6, it is easy to obtain the result of Theorem 8.

We extend the plant , and and are parallel connection. as a feedback operator of , so we have the following result.

Theorem 9. is a stabilizing controller with internal loop for if and only if is invertible in .

Proof. is a stabilizing controller for if and only if
If , then . Since , thus we only need to prove . Consider ; thus . If , then .
Conversely, it is obvious.

4. Canonical and Dual Canonical Controllers

Another motivation for introducing controllers with internal loop is to obtain Youla parameterization. If the plant is not strictly proper, it is difficult to choose the parameter in such way that the resulting controller will be well-posed. Even if we choose to ignore well-posedness, we still have to ensure that the denominator in the Youla parameterization is invertible. By contrast, we can obtain a parameterization for all stabilizing canonical or dual canonical controllers.

The transfer functions of the controllers obtained there were of the form We call the controllers of form (15) canonical controllers. Analogously, controllers of the form will be called dual canonical controllers.

In following, we analyze the properties of (dual) canonical controllers in some detail. First, we recall Lemma 10 from [15].

Lemma 10 (see [15]). The canonical controller stabilizes with internal loop if and only if is invertible in and .
If has a right-coprime factorization , then stabilizes with internal loop if and only if is invertible in .

We now turn to the problem of simultaneous stabilization. Given and , the following Corollaries 11 and 12 give the conditions that can be stabilized by some canonical controller.

Corollary 11. If and can be simultaneously stabilized by canonical controller , then can be strongly stabilized by some canonical controller.

Proof. If is a strong right representation of , then is a strong right representation of , since for .
Suppose stabilizes ; then by Lemma 10, is invertible in . By Lemma 10, and are invertible in : Define Thus is invertible in , and stabilizes .

Corollary 12. Suppose , , and is a strong right representation of . If can be stabilized by canonical controller , then can be stabilized by some canonical controller.

Proof. Since , then is a strong right representation of . By Lemma 10, stabilizes if and only if is invertible in . Suppose stabilizes ; then by Lemma 10, is invertible in . Define , ; thus is invertible in , and stabilizes .

The conditions of Corollary 12 are weaker than those of Corollary 11. In following, we will discuss the stabilization of with coprime factorizations.

Theorem 13. The canonical controller stabilizes if and only if is invertible in and .

Proof. Let , , ; from Theorem 8, we have that is invertible in and .

Remark 14. When , , thus is an admissible controller for ; we do not need to emphasize this in Theorem 13.

Remark 15. By Remark 14, , but , is not a stabilizing controller for , but is a stabilizing controller with internal loop for .

Theorem 16. If has right coprime factorization , then can be stabilized by canonical controller if and only if is invertible in .

Proof. By Theorem 13, is stable if and only if , . Consider ; then , . If , then , . Conversely, if , and , then .

Theorem 17. If has right coprime factorization if and only if can be stabilized by some canonical controller.

Proof. If is right coprime factorization of , there exist such that . Take , ; then is invertible in . By Theorem 13, stabilizes .
Conversely, If stabilizes , by Theorem 13, , . Take , , , ; then ; thus, is right coprime factorization of .

We expect a strong relationship between stabilization with internal loop and the usual concept of stabilization by the parameterization of all stabilizing (dual) canonical controllers.

Theorem 18. Suppose that has a doubly coprime factorization; then all canonical controllers that stabilize with internal loop are parameterized by where , .

Proof. Take , , where , ; then ; by Theorem 17, stabilizes .
Conversely, if stabilizes , by Theorem 16, is invertible in . Consider ; thus is a left inverse of . By Theorem 17, there exist such that , , rewrite these as , .
The following Theorem contains the dual statements of Theorems 13, 16, 17 and 18.

Theorem 19. (a) The dual canonical controller stabilizes if and only if is invertible in and .
(b) If has left coprime factorization , then can be stabilized by canonical controller if and only if is invertible in .
(c) If has left coprime factorization if and only if can be stabilized by some dual canonical controller.
(d) Suppose that has a doubly coprime factorization, then all dual canonical controllers that stabilize with internal loop are parameterized by where , .

The Proof of (c). Suppose , there exist such that . Let , , then , can be stabilized by .

Conversely, if can be stabilized by , by (1), , . Let , , , , then , , thus is a left coprime factorization of .

Theorem 20. If the canonical controller stabilizes , then can be stabilized by the dual canonical controller .

Proof. If can be stabilized by the canonical controller , by Theorems 13 and 17, , , and has a right coprime factorization. From [17], we known that has a left coprime factorization and there exist such that . Let , . In the following, we need to prove (1) and (2) stabilizes .
                  .
Since         +     +   , so .
  −   is invertible in ,       . By Theorem 19(a), stabilizes .

Notice that if a canonical stabilizes with internal loop, then and are left coprime, since . Theorem 20 has a dual statement for right-coprime factorizations .

There is a similar result for the dual canonical controller.

Theorem 21. If the dual canonical controller stabilizes , then can be stabilized by the dual canonical controller .

The proof of Theorem 21 is similar to that of Theorem 20, and we omit it.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we investigate the dynamic stabilization of a large class of transfer functions in the framework of nest algebra. To obtain a natural generalization of dynamic stabilization, we introduce a new concept of stabilization by a controller with internal loop. The concept enables a simple Youla parameterization and has some advantages which turn out to be very important for infinite-dimensional systems. It makes the theory of dynamic stabilization simpler and more natural.

We also analyze canonical and dual canonical controllers, which are controllers with internal loop of a special (simple) structure. We have found that these are closely related to (doubly) coprime factorization, and we have given a complete parameterization of all stabilizing controllers with internal loop which are (dual) canonical.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.