Constrained Controllability of the <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2723999pt" id="M1" height="12.533pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -12.2606 9.20873 12.533" width="9.20873pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g50-105" d="M509 90L493 118C465 91 427 70 418 70S409 77 415 103L469 327C494 429 466 451 436 451C412 451 387 444 356 427C307 400 222 342 160 264H158L246 667C253 701 252 710 243 710C228 710 169 680 87 673L83 644H117C155 644 160 640 149 588L24 -4L32 -12C57 -4 86 4 108 9L143 187C198 275 324 386 375 386C394 386 399 367 385 311L331 87C315 22 322 -12 351 -12C387 -12 452 24 509 90Z"/></g></svg>-Difference Fractional Control Systems with Caputo Type Operator

Pawluszewicz, Ewa

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/638420

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

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Abstract Introduction Preliminaries Conclusions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 638420 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/638420

Constrained Controllability of the -Difference Fractional Control Systems with Caputo Type Operator

Ewa Pawluszewicz¹

Academic Editor: Alicia Cordero

Received07 Apr 2015

Revised18 Oct 2015

Accepted20 Oct 2015

Published24 Nov 2015

Abstract

The problem of controllability to a given convex target set of linear fractional systems with -difference fractional operator of Caputo type is studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions of controllability with constrained controllers for such systems are given. Problem of approximation of a continuous-time system with Caputo fractional differential by a discrete-time system with -difference fractional operator of Caputo type is discussed.

1. Introduction

In the control theory there are three fundamental concepts: controllability, observability, and stability of the given control system. Controllability means that there is a possibility to transfer the considered system from a given initial state to a final state using controls from some set. Observability means the possibility of the reconstruction of an initial state on the base of controls (inputs) and output sequences. It seems that these concepts in the classical linear control systems (for both continuous-time and discrete-time cases) are quite well investigated. In last years some of theirs extensions on nonuniform time domain have been done; see, for example, [1, 2]. The other extension of the classical theory of control systems is introducing instead of the classical time derivative a fractional one (see, e.g., [3, 4]) or instead of the classical difference operator a fractional difference (see, e.g., [5–7]). In the recent years the fractional calculus is viewed as a power tool in descriptions of real system’ behaviours; see, for example, [8–10].

The controllability problem of fractional linear systems was studied, for example, in [3, 7, 11–14]. In [15] controllability of linear systems with Caputo type difference operators with two different fractional orders was investigated. Later on these results were extended to -difference linear control systems with different fractional orders in [16].

In many cases it is assumed that the set of control values coincides directly with the whole control space, but in practise this set should be bounded; see, for example, [17]. A restriction on controls possesses some difficulties for controllability conditions. Necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability of classical linear systems with control constrains were proven in [18–20]. In [21] some of results of [20] were extended to any time model. Conditions for constrained controllability for a special class of linear systems with two fractional orders and with Caputo type difference operators were tackled in [22]. Generally, in the field of systems with fractional order, this topic is worthy of investigation. To the best of our knowledge, there exist only few works in continuous-time case; see [23].

The goal of the present work is to give conditions for possibility of steering of linear -difference control system with fractional difference Caputo type operator to a given convex target set from a specified initial state. To this aim in Section 2 there are presented the needed definitions and facts from fractional -difference calculus. Next, in Section 3, using the separation hyperplane theorem, necessary and sufficient conditions for constrained controllability of the considered system are discussed. In [22] the first step in the investigation of the problem of constrained controllability for discrete-time fractional two-order linear systems, using the specific transition and gramian controllability matrices, was discussed. Now, in Section 3, using the -transform method and Mittag-Leffler function introduced in [24] and similar reasoning (that idea in fact comes from [20]), necessary and sufficient conditions for constrained controllability of the considered system are presented. These results can be quite easily extended to multistep and/or multiorder fractional systems, but notation would be more complicated.

As real continuous-time models in some cases should be approximated by discrete-time models, the problem of approximation of a continuous fractional coast function by a discrete-time one is discussed in Section 4. Section 5 discussed a particular case of constrained controllability, namely, the case when the target set consists only of one point. This specific situation obtains when a given object is transferred to a predetermined position.

For our goal let us recall the separation theorem. Suppose that is a real normed space and .

Theorem 1 (see [25]). Suppose that and are convex and disjoint sets. Let the interior of be nonempty. Then sets and are separable.

Theorem 1 implies that there exists a linear continuous functional such that

2. Preliminaries

Let us start from introduction of the basic notations and facts needed in the subsequent sections.

For , , and let . For a function , the forward -difference operator is defined byand the -difference sum is given by where and .

Letdenotes the family of binomial sequences on parameterized by . Recall that (see [24])denotes the convolution of sequences and , . Then, the fractional -sum of order for a real valued function defined on is given by with . Note that the operator maps real valued functions defined on the set into real valued functions defined on the set .

Let the discrete Mittag-Leffler two-parameter function be defined as follows (see [24]):Note that

Definition 2 (see [26]). Let and . The Caputo type fractional -difference operator of order for a function is defined bywhere .

Note that for any the operator changes the domain of the function ; that is, it maps real valued functions defined on into real valued functions defined on . Additionally, for it holds that . We will need the backward shifted discrete Mittag-Leffler function, that is, function .

3. Linear Control Systems with Fractional Order

Let us consider the following linear control system of the formwith an initial condition and . Therin is a state vector, , , , and the values of control are elements of an arbitrary set . Denote the state forward trajectory of system (10), that is, a solution which is uniquely defined by initial state and control by .

Corollary 3. System (10) with initial condition and a fixed control has the unique solution given bywhere .

Proof. The proof follows from the properties of -transform of the fractional Caputo type difference operator and it mimics (with respect to ) the proof of the similar result with given in [24].

The set of all states that can be reached by system (10) from the initial state in a finite number of steps is called a reachable set and denoted by ; see, for example, [27]; that is, and . Similarly as in [28] one can show that if is compact and convex set, then is a compact and convex subset of for any .

Let denote a target set and .

Definition 4. System (10) is -controllable to in a finite number of steps from the initial state if there exists a control which transfers this system to the set at a prescribed number of steps .

Let and . For a vector let us define the cost function in the following way:where denotes the transposition of the vector . From definition of the convolution it follows that (13) can be rewritten as Note that if and , then

Theorem 5. System (10) is -controllable to an open convex target set in steps from the given initial state if and only if there exists a vector such that .

Proof. The proof is similar to the proof of the respective results in [21].
“” -controllability of system (10) to the target set in steps from initial state means that the set is not empty. So, by contradiction, Theorem 1 and inequality (1) imply thatwhere is the transposition of the vector function . ThensoSince is compact, then inequality (18) can be rewritten as Hence, there exists such that .
“” First let us note that if system (10) is not -controllable to an open and convex target set in steps from the given initial state , then . So, Theorem 1 implies thatOn the other hand, if there exists a vector such that , then taking into account compactness of the set , the following holds: So, we have contradiction with (20) and in the consequence with the assumption that system (10) is not -controllable to an open convex target set in the finite number of steps from the given initial state.

Corollary 6. If the target set is closed and convex, then system (10) is -controllable to from initial state in a finite number of steps if and only if for any vector such that it holds that .

Proof. “” Theorem 5 implies that , so also . Then for any .
“” Inequality implies that also , so the thesis follows from Theorem 5.

4. Approximation of Continuous-Time Control Systems of Fractional Order

Since during the study of real phenomena sometimes continuous-time models should be approximated by discrete-time ones, in this section we consider the problem of approximation a coast function associated with a continuous-time linear fractional control system with Caputo differential by the respective coast function associated with the discrete-time linear control system with -difference fractional operator of Caputo type.

Before stating the main result of this section let us recall some facts and results about approximation of a continuous-time linear control system with the Caputo fractional differential by an -difference linear control system with fractional Caputo type operator.

Proposition 7 (see [29]). Let , , , and . If , where and is the greatest integer less than or equal to , then and

Let us recall that the Caputo fractional derivative of order , , of a real continuous function is defined aswhere denotes the gamma function.

Proposition 8 (see [29]). Let , let , and let be a continuous real function with integrable defined on some interval with , and , where . Then

Consider an initial value problem defined for the Caputo fractional derivative with order of the formwhere , , . Let . Suppose that system (25) is uniformly sampled with a sampling step , . As a result of this operations, we can consider an initial value problem given for the -difference fractional operator of Caputo type with order :where , , .

Let with and , . Also let .

Proposition 9 (see [29]). The solution of system is approximated by the solution of system in values via the limit

Let us consider a continuous-time linear control system with the Caputo fractional differentialwhere , , , , and the values of control are elements of an arbitrary set . The trajectory of color blue system (29) is described by (see [11])where denotes two-parameter continuous Mittag-Leffler function defined asfor and . Using the convolution operator formula (30) can be rewritten as

Similarly as in Section 3, we can define the reachable set for system (29), denoted by , as the set of all states that can be reached by system (29) from the initial state in a finite time ; that is, By the same motivation as in [28] one can note that if is compact and convex set, then is also a compact and convex subset of for any .

Let denote a target set and .

Definition 10. System (29) is -controllable to in a time , -positive arbitrary but fixed, from initial state if there exists a control which transfers this system to the target set in time .

For a vector let us define the cost function in the following way:for any with positive arbitrary but fixed.

Proposition 11. Let , , , and . If , then the continuous Mittag-Leffler function is approximated by the the discrete Mittag-Leffler two-parameter function .

Proof. By Proposition 9 the solution of IVP , , that is, byis approximated by the solution of system , , that is, byAdditionally, from Proposition 7, it follows that . Then can be approximated by .

Corollary 12. Let , , and . If , then the continuous Mittag-Leffler function is approximated by the the discrete Mittag-Leffler function .

Proof. Result is a consequence of definitions of two-parameter Mittag-Leffler functions in continuous- and discrete-cases, respectively, and of Propositions 11 and 7.

Theorem 13. Assume that linear control system (29) is approximated by control system of the formwith , , . Then the cost function described by (34) can be approximated by the cost function given by (13).

Proof. If system (37) is the one that we can obtaine under the uniform sampling with sampling step from continuous-time linear system (29), then by Corollary 12 the trajectory of (29) can be approximated by the respective trajectory of (37) in values via the limit . Hence thesis is a simple consequence of definition of the coast function (34), Corollary 12, and Proposition 11.

5. Some Remarks

Let us, using the classical reasoning (see, e.g., in [30, 31]), shortly remark a special case of constrained controllability of system (10) to the target set that consists only of one point.

Let us consider system (10) and let . By Corollary 3, the final state that can be obtained in a finite number of steps from the initial state using controls with values in is given bywith . Note that in fact Denoting byit can be easy to see that the target set to which system (10) should be steered from the given initial state using controls , , is given by

Corollary 14. Let . Assume that system (10) is controllable in a finite number steps . Then there exists a neighborhood of state such that all elements of can be steered to set using the control with controls values in .

Proof. First of all note that system (10) is controllable if and only if matrix is invertible. So the sequence of controlstransfers the given initial state to the final state , that is, to the target set . Then there exists such that for and , hence the thesis.

Corollaries 12 and 14 imply the following.

Corollary 15. If controllable system (29) with , , is approximated by controllable (in finite number steps) system (37) with and , then there exists a neighborhood of state such that all elements of can be steered to set using the control with controls values in .

6. Conclusions

In the paper we consider the problem of steering in a finite number of steps of a linear -difference control system with Caputo type fractional operator to a given target set when the control is subject to specified magnitude constraints. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the constrained controllability for this class of systems to the target set were proposed. Since in some cases continuous-time models should be approximated by discrete-time ones, conditions for approximation of the coast function associated with a continuous-time linear fractional control system with Caputo differential by coast function associated with the respective (i.e., obtained by uniform sampling) discrete-time linear control system with -difference fractional operator of Caputo type were presented.

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The project was supported by the founds of National Science Center granted on the bases of the decision number DEC-2011/03/B/ST7/03476. The work was supported by Bialystok University of Technology grant G/WM/3/2012.

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Copyright © 2015 Ewa Pawluszewicz. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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