Abstract
In the process of social development, there are a lot of competitions and confrontations. Participants in these competitions and confrontations always have different interests and goals. In order to achieve their goals, the participants must consider the opponent’s strategy to adjust their own strategies to achieve the interests of the optimization. This is called game. Based on the definition and its stability of the passive system, the passive control items are designed to the output of the duopoly competition evolution model, and the efficacy of the control methods is shown by the Lyapunov indexes. Then, the optimal function control method is taken to carry on the chaotic anticontrol to the chaotic system, and the Lyapunov indexes illustrate the control result. At last, the chaotic game of the system is introduced by combining the chaos control and anticontrol.
1. Introduction
In 1980, Stutzer firstly revealed the chaos phenomenon in the Haavelmo economic growth equation [1]. Then, it has been recognized that the economic model that is based on the traditional economic theory also has inherent randomness, which makes the effects of intervention means taken by traditional ways such as the fiscal policy or the financial policy and other corresponding macrocontrol means very limited [2]. The impact and revelation of chaos theory on traditional economics have aroused the concern and research of many experts and scholars. In [3], the Cournot Nash equilibrium and the local stability were investigated based on a dynamical multiproduct Cournot duopoly model in discrete time. And the tangential bifurcation and intermittent chaos were reported by numerical simulations. In [4], the generation of chaos in economic models through exogenous shocks was investigated. And a rigorous proof of the existence of chaos in the perturbed model was given and the results shed light on a novel source of chaos in economic models. And the OGY method proposed by Ott et al. [5] has made the study of chaotic control of economic system more systematic and extensive. In [6], the OGY method was used to stabilize chaos in the macroeconomic dynamic model, and the result showed that the government can, in principle, stabilize an unstable Walrasian equilibrium in a short time by varying income tax rates or government expenditures. In [7], necessary and sufficient criteria are established to guarantee CMGPS for the fractional-order complex chaos and fractional-order real chaos based on the stability theory of fractional-order systems.
It is well known that duopoly model is one of the most representative oligopoly models. Duopoly competition is the oligopoly competition between two companies; based on the actions of the competitor, each company will take measures to maximize profits. In economics, the Cournot model and the Bertrand model are classical theories of the oligarchy, and their various extended models and deformations are used to deal with many problems in the field of industrial economics. Based on Bertrand model, the oligopolistic equilibrium price of insurance market in two cases is studied [8], one without the supply capacity limit and the other under the supply capacity limitation. Complex dynamics are shown in the study of the Cournot model [9], such as bifurcation and chaos with logarithmic demand functions. Puu [10, 11] discussed the dynamical properties of the Cournot oligarchic model and indicated that it will not converge to Nash equilibrium unless it is a complex trajectory. And the dynamical properties of the bounded rational duopoly model are also studied in [12].
As an extension of the Cournot duopoly model, the output duopoly competing evolution model originally developed by Agiza et al. [13] has also been further studied. Du et al. [14] used the linear stabilization method to control chaos and demonstrated a variety of results of economic chaos control. They also analyzed the effects of both the output speed adjustment and the cost function type on the results. The method can guide the unstable orbit to follow the fixed point in the area of the unstable point and then enter the stable area around the fixed point within a given period of time. The limiter method is also applied to control the chaos of the output duopoly competing evolution model [15]. The limiter method realized the control of chaos and hyperchaos by limiting the strange attractor space in chaos and hyperchaotic systems (the hyperchaotic phenomenon occurs in the nonlinear high-dimensional system, that is, at least four-dimensional nonlinear system, with multidirectional instability, while the divergence of the trajectory occurs in only one direction in chaos system [16]).
The output duopoly competing evolution model will be introduced to analysis in this paper. Boulding and Jarrett [17] proposed that the economic system has the property of the dissipative structure; namely, the economic system is open and moving away from the balance. Passive system, as a special case of dissipative system, is developed from network theory and other physical branches, and it carries out research from the energy properties of the system. It is a kind of dynamic system considering the energy exchange between the system and the outside world and can maintain the internal stability. For the system with interference, in order to stabilize the system, the feedback controller can be constructed based on the passive theory, so that the closed-loop response system can remain internally stable. The system controller designed based on the passive control theory can realize the global stability of the system without singularity problem, and it has strong robustness to the change of the system parameters and the external perturbation. It is a kind of essential nonlinear control method. Because the economic system has the dissipative structure property, in this paper, we introduce the passive control method in Section 5 to conduct the chaos control to the model; the global stability of the system is achieved by constructing passive control item based on passive theory, and the effectiveness of the results can be showed by numerical simulation. In addition, in Section 6, we consider the chaotic anticontrol of the output duopoly competing evolution model on the basis of passive control, where the method used is the optimal function method [18], and its effectiveness is also validated through the numerical simulation.
The Cournot duopoly model embodies the idea of the game; that is, there are two enterprises to carry on the game of production, and each enterprise determines its own decisions based on the others’ production decisions. But this game is a static game; two oligarchs make decisions at the same time, and there is no room for reaction. In [19], a dynamic duopoly game with heterogeneous players was discussed. The paper analyzed how the limiter affects the dynamics of output and the performance of players and explored the number of the equilibrium points and the distribution of conditioned equilibrium points of the model. In [20], a nonlinear Kopel duopoly game with heterogeneous players is presented to show bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits, and sensitive dependence on initial conditions by numerical simulations. In [21], the chaotic behavior of the duopoly Cournot-Puu model was controlled by introduced delayed feedback control (DFC) method and the adaptive control method to the system, and chaos was controlled during the output adjustment process in the actual economic sense. In [22], two different time delay structures for the dynamical Cournot game with two heterogeneous players were researched; the dynamics of both players output adjustments are analyzed and simulated. The paper pointed that the system may lose stability due to either a period-doubling bifurcation or a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation, but the chaotic behaviors can be stabilized by the time-delayed feedback control. In [23], a cubic utility function that was derived from a constant elasticity of substitution production function (CES) was introduced, and, based on this, a two-dimensional Cournot duopoly game with horizontal product differentiation was modeled. The stability analysis of Nash point was considered and some numerical simulations were carried out to confirm the chaotic behavior of Nash equilibrium point. Differently from the fact that authors put importance on the analysis of chaotic behavior and chaos control, in this paper, in addition to chaos control, chaos anticontrol is also considered. And considering that the static game can not respond in a timely manner, the emergence of differential game solves this problem; that is, one first makes the decision and the other determines the output according to the previous decision information and the current decision, making decision-making more effective. In this paper, this idea is applied to the chaotic game of the output duopoly competing evolution model in Sections 3 and 7.
Based on the output duopoly competing evolution model, this paper is divided into the following parts to discuss. Firstly, the fundamental theories are given in Section 2 and the basic thought of chaotic game is introduced in Section 3. Secondly, the duopoly model with its fixed point analysis is introduced in Section 4. Then, Sections 5 and 6 discuss the chaos control and the antichaos control of the system, respectively. And, finally, we consider the chaotic game of the model based on Sections 5 and 6.
2. Fundamental Theory
Suppose is a map on the complex plane. If , is called the fixed point of [21].
The nonlinear generalized discrete system can be written as follows [22]:where , , and represent the state, disturbed input, and output of the system, respectively; is the nonlinear part of the system; , ( means the ranks of the matrix ); , , and are all matrixes with appropriate dimension.
Suppose is regular, causal, and stable [23], so the Lyapunov equation [23] isAnd for every ( means that is positive definite), we have the only positive semidefinite solution which satisfies the equation .
Definition 1 (see [22]). For system (1), if there is a nonnegative definite function meeting the following inequality for any and any input item ,then system (1) is called to be passive.
Without the input and output, system (1) is
For system (4), it is assumed that for any satisfying compatible initial condition , the system has only one solution .
Consider the following nonlinear discrete controlled systemwhere is the control item and is the arbitrary matrix with appropriate dimension.
The aim is looking for a passive state feedback controller which can make the systemstable.
According to the Lyapunov stability theory, (6) is -asymptotically stable [24]; that is, ; then it can be proved that [23], so, we can say that (6) has asymptotic stability of zero solution and is a passive system.
Lemma 2 (see [22]). For any dimensional vectors and , there is .
There are results as follows.
Theorem 3 (see [22]). If system (4) meets the following conditions:(1), is a constant;(2), is a constant;(3), where , are matrixes that meet (2) and is the biggest eigenvalue of , then system (4) has asymptotic stability of zero solution.
Theorem 4 (see [22]). Suppose there is a constant which can make system (5) have(1), is a constant;(2), is a constant;(3), where
, and , are matrixes that meet (2); is the biggest eigenvalue of .
Then system (5) has a passive state feedback controller that can make (6) have asymptotic stability of zero solution and be passive. And the controller is
The basic characteristic of chaos movement is that the movement is extremely sensitive to initial conditions [24]. And Lyapunov index is the quantitative index that can describe this phenomenon. For one dimensional mappingConsider the initial value and the adjacent value . After one iteration, the distance between two points is After iterations, the distance between two points is Take ; there is represents the separated index caused by each iteration on average of the distance between two points.
3. Basic Thought of Chaotic Game
Consider -dimensional discrete chaotic systemwhere is the state of the system at stage . When parameters of (13) are within a certain range, (13) exhibits chaotic behavior. Chaos control is to make system stable, while anticontrol is to enhance chaos.
In the following parts, we will discuss the chaos control and anticontrol. And then, on the basis of the theory of differential game, we will discuss the chaos game of system (13).
Considerwhere , are controllers needing to be designed. is for stability and for chaos. Specific steps are as follows.
When , . is the first item that we need to design for stability, which is related to . is the first item we will design for chaos after we got .
When , . We can know that is associated with , while is associated with , , so the selection of is related to , , and the selection of needs to consider , , and .
For the step, . is associated with , and is associated with , . Considering stability and chaos game, the selection of is related to , , and the selection of needs to consider , , and . Therefore, is related to , , , and is related to , , , .
Based on the above ideas, the selection of control items in the game will be discussed as follows.
4. The Output Duopoly Competing Evolution Model with Its Fixed Point Analysis
Consider the model as follows [13]:where and are the output of two companies at time , respectively, ; are positive constants, and is the highest price of the market; assume that the cost functions are and , and the first derivatives of and are positive and the second derivatives are negative, so we can get ; since companies’ marginal profits are demanded to be less than the price of the same product in market, we have ; is positive parameters, which shows the company’s adjustment speed.
Letassuming that the fixed point of model is ; according to definition, we have
The equations’ solutions have the following several cases:(1);(2);(3);(4), .
In this article, we just consider the fixed point that both and are not zero.
5. Chaos Control of the Output Duopoly Competing Evolution Model
In order to facilitate the following analysis, the system (15) needs to be rewritten into the form of system (4). If we directly change system (15) into (4), there is where , , , , and will be given in the following discussion. It is quite clear that cannot meet the requirement that ; here, . So, a function is tried to be introduced into system (15), which meets the following equation:We have variable substitution So, system (15) can be written aswhere
Here, , where . Therefore, the fixed point of system (21) is .
According to the content of passive control in the basic theory, we can get the following theorem.
Theorem 5. Suppose there is a constant which makes system (5) have(1), is a constant;(2), is a constant;(3), whereand , are matrixes that meet (2); is the biggest eigenvalue of .
Then system (5) has a passive state feedback controller that can make (6) have stability of zero solutions and be passive. And the controller is According to conditions of Theorem 5, a control item is introduced to (21) Due to the arbitrariness of matrix , let . So the controlled system isWe will prove that the system (26) has stability of zero solutions and (26) is passive.
Proof. The generalized Lyapunov function of (6) is selected as . And according to the conditions of the Lemma and Theorem 5, there isAccording to (16), we have , soLetSoAccording to Theorems 3, and 4 and the conditions of Theorem 5, (5) has stability of zero solutions.
Because the model does not have any input and output except the control item , and is arbitrary, so we choose . Then we just need to prove The generalized Lyapunov function described above is the nonnegative definite function required in the definition. Thus, according to the conditions of the theorem and the proof above, we have Therefore, system (6) is passive.
For example, we take the parameters in (15) as , , , , , , , , and . Then the fixed point is . For these parameters, we can get Lyapunov indexes of (15) as and . Because , system (15) under parameters above is chaotic.
Under the parameters, we have, where , , , and the fixed point is .
When and , we can get ; then we can say that is regular [25].
According to the fundamental theory, is arbitrary and we take asbring , , and into (2); then we have the only positive semidefinite solution
In an actual market of oligarch competition, the output of participates in the competition is not infinite because the economic resources are always limited. Therefore, we assume that production is bounded. Then there is an satisfying , , .
And
Because production is limited, we can get when and when is big enough, we have .
Then the controlled system is
The bifurcation figure is given with the change of the parameter . It can be seen from the Figure 1 that when is taken as 0.476, the system output bifurcation occurs. When is 0.5, the system output shows obvious chaos. Then the output change of the system when is 0.52 will be given.
The blue curve represents the output of , and the red one represents .
It can be seen from Figure 2 that, under the given parameters in this example, the output of the system exhibits an irregular increase or decrease with the number of iterations increases; that is, the fixed point of the system (15) is unstable, and the Lyapunov indexes of the system can also show this.
It can be seen from Figure 3 that, after the introduction of passive controller, with the change of control coefficient, the output change gradually becomes regular under the increase of the iterations, and finally the system achieves global stability. The output of the system is stabilized to the fixed point, which means that the enterprises’ output is no longer unpredictable and confusing. With this control item, the output trends to be stable, and enterprises can control their output to avoid wasting of resource. As can be seen from the figure, with the increase of the control coefficient, the output stabilizes to the fixed point faster and faster. In Figure 3(c), the control system needs about 50 iterations to stabilize to the fixed point, while, in Figure 3(d), the system just needs 25 iterations.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Under the selected parameters above, the corresponding Lyapunov indexes of control system are as follows(1), Lyapunov indexes are and ;(2), Lyapunov indexes are and ;(3), Lyapunov indexes are and ;(4), Lyapunov indexes are and .
The change of Lyapunov indexes of the control system with is shown in Figure 4. The red curve represents the Lyapunov index of , and the green one represents .
Figure 4 shows the change of Lyapunov indexes with , and, with the change of , the Lyapunov index of is getting smaller and ’s is getting bigger, but finally the Lyapunov indexes of two variables are negative. This shows the effectiveness of passive control.
Figure 5 shows the system output with the change of the control parameter . It can be seen from Figure 5 when is bigger than 1 that the output is no longer showing the case of bifurcation but is stable at the same value. The results of Figures 5 and 4 are in agreement, and this shows the effectiveness of the control.
6. The Chaos Anticontrol of the Output Duopoly Competing Evolution Model
Zero solutions of system (26) are stable and the passivity has been proved. Now the optimal function control method [17] is taken to conduct the chaos anticontrol of (26). Equation (26) can be written in the following form, and we just consider and :whereand , , , and have been given in the fifth part, and are the corresponding elements of .
We consider the following anticontrol system:For example, we take the parameters in (40) as , , , , , , , and . According to the previous example, we can get the corresponding anticontrol systemwhere .
The change of the output with the change of steps under the parameters is shown in Figure 6.
The Lyapunov indexes of Figure 6 are , ; that is to say, system is stable.
In (40), the changes of steps with can be seen in Figure 7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
It can be seen from Figure 7 that the output of the system has obvious irregular variation for the passive system with optimal function control item, and the output of the system becomes more complicated with the increase of the control coefficient. At this point the fixed point becomes unstable fixed point again, and the system presents chaos. The results are also demonstrated by the following Lyapunov indexes.
Under the selected parameters above, the corresponding Lyapunov indexes of control system are as follows:(1), Lyapunov indexes are and ;(2), Lyapunov indexes are and ;(3), Lyapunov indexes are and ;(4), Lyapunov indexes are and .
The change of Lyapunov indexes of the anticontrol system with is shown in Figure 8.
It can be shown in Figure 8 that with the anticontrol item, the Lyapunov exponent of is always positive, indicating that the system is chaotic.
Finally we give the bifurcation figure with the change of the parameter . It can be seen from the Figure 9 that when the anticontrol parameter is taken as 0.15, the system output bifurcation occurs. When is 0.42, the system output shows obvious chaos. The original stability system becomes a chaotic system with the change of parameter .
7. Discussion of the Chaotic Game
For the output duopoly competing evolution model, we considerwhere , and is obtained since antichaos control is conducted on system (26), and , have been given in the sixth part and , , , and are in the fourth part. , , , and are the corresponding elements of . is for stability and is for chaos.
According to basic thought, there is the following process.
When ,without control items and , we have , which can be rewritten as the standard form similar to (4); that is,where, and has been given in the second part.
Then the methods above are used to study this problem. When satisfies the conditions of Theorem 5, there is a state feedback passive controller , making stable, where is a constant bigger than zero and is the only positive semidefinite solution satisfying .
Then we consider . Using the method of anticontrol, we have where , , , , . , , and are corresponding elements of , because is related to and . And is related to , so is the anticontrol item related to . That is to say, and can enable system (45) to realize the chaos game.
When , . Similar to the above analysis, firstly, we consider without control items , , which can also be rewritten as the standard form like ; then we can get the passive control item like . Because of , the choose of is related to , . According to the analysis of , we can get the anticontrol item like , and is connected with and . Thus is related to , , and .
By similar analysis for the th step, for , we can get the passive control item like . And according to the above analysis, is related to , , , , . Furthermore, we get the anticontrol item related to , , , , , , .
8. Conclusion
With the rapid development of social economy, science, and technology, and the evolution of the complex economic system, the traditional theory of economics based on linear system theory is faced with great challenge. Chaos theory mainly studies the influence of “instability,” “structural change,” on the system, and the causes of “abnormal behavior,” which contrasts with the “stable” and “reasonable behavior” that traditional economic theory emphasizes. The traditional economy advocates certainty and balance, believing that the economic system will remain in a quiescent state without external factors and emphasizes the linear response. And chaotic economists proceed with the “imperfect and unbalanced world” to explain the economic system, which is full of fuzziness, chaos, and contingency, and try to find a dialectical relationship of the transition between order and disorder [26]. Therefore, chaos theory opens up a new way for the study of economic chaos behavior, and, with chaos theory, it may reveal the complex dynamic characteristics that can not be explained by traditional methods [2, 27–30]. As a new hot-spot and the highlight in chaos research and application, chaos control has received extensive attention, and it has also been applied to the study of chaos in economics. Competitions, whether in the military or economic markets, are real and always exist. How to use low investment to realize the maximal interests has been the basis that provides a chance for practical uses of game thoughts.
The chaos game of the output duopoly competing evolution model under the given parameters is discussed in this paper. Firstly, we use the passive theory to carry out chaos control. Then, we have chaos anticontrol for the stable system, and the results can be shown by the Lyapunov exponents. And finally, the chaos game about the system is introduced.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 61403231, 11501328, and 61533011) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant no. 2016M592188).