Abstract
We focus on the algorithm research of a class of six-order generalized Boussinesq equation. We use the finite difference method to discrete the Boussinesq equation. The discrete format with the law of energy conservation is deduced; stability and existence and good order of convergence properties are also derived. The efficiency of the proposed method is tested to numerical results that the convergence of space is of second-order and the conservation law of energy is verified very well for the energy difference.
1. Introduction
In this paper, we consider the following generalized Boussinesq equation:where and are smooth functions. And problem (1)–(3) satisfies the law of energy conservationwhere .
The motion of the small amplitude long wave can be affected by many factors such as terrain, water flow, and ground friction, which can lead to some nonlinear effects. The communication process of waves or swells off the coast from the deep sea to the shore of the ocean is the physical phenomena we often faced in the study of ocean problems; because of being affected by many factors, including the impact of changes in terrain, water, and ground friction, this process will issue nonlinear effects, such as shallow deformation, climbing waves, refraction, and diffraction, and have a great impact on the production and life of the human near the ocean. So it is very important to study these phenomena. The most widely used model which could describe the changing of offshore wave propagation in math is the system model Bq; however, due to the fact that the affection of the nonlinear waves in shallow water is powerful, the form of the model is more complex, such as containing a number of higher-order dispersion. This increases the difficulty to the theoretical analysis and algorithm research of this model and it is a great challenge for solving the real-time wave problem.
Abbott et al. [1] studied the movement pattern of irregular waves in port by approximately calculating the system Bq in a larger area. By using DHI model based on a combination of waves Bq system, Tao [2] provided the slot calculation method of dynamic boundary to simulate waves perfectly. Madsen et al. [3] considered the phenomenon of fragmentation and circulation for regular and irregular waves. The widely used numerical methods in solving Bq systems are finite difference method, finite element method, and finite volume method. Finite difference method is to use a continuous solution of regional grid consisting of a finite number of discrete points instead of the continuous function and continuous solution of the region on the discrete variables used in the definition of the function on the grid to approximate. Use difference quotient to approximate derivative in original equations and boundary conditions, so we can use the algebra system to approximate instead original equations and boundary conditions; using a variety of iterative methods to solve this system can obtain the numerical solution of the discrete points for the original problem. Based on the finite difference, Peregrine [4] gives a one-dimensional approximate solution of the Bq system. For Bq system, Zhang and Tao [5] established a division and no division format and analyzed the order of convergence for the format and stability. Using predictor-corrector format, Hong and Zhang [6] search the numerical solution for any depth nonlinear Bq model, a discrete second-order accuracy form, and modified third-order accuracy of the format with Taylor expansion. Based on the finite difference, Abbott et al. [1] give the estimated correction format for the numerical solution of two-dimensional Bq system. Based on variable differential formats on different layers of time, Zhu and Hong [7] realized the numerical solution of Bq system for arbitrary depth. For improved IMBq system, we have not found any instability yet. To study the nature of the solution, mathematicians have proposed effective numerical format. On the basis of the implicit tight method, El-Zoheiry [8] proposed a three-iterative method for solving numerical format. Bratsos [9] designed an implicit finite difference scheme, which can achieve second-order accuracy. At the same time, to deal with the nonlinear interaction of IBq system, Bratsos [10] constructed a prediction correction format. The application of finite element method and finite volume method in studying Bq system numerical is many, the application of mixed finite volume method is very active, and we are not going to repeat here.
Many efficient numerical algorithms have been proposed for various Bq systems; see [1–10] and the references therein. But some of them ignore the nonlinear effects, lack the necessary theoretical proof, or make some errors between the real problem and the system model. Furthermore, the numerical study of conservation difference algorithm for nonlinear high-order dispersion Bq system is rare; the main reason is that there are no fixed maturity and methods to deal with higher derivatives and transform the nonlinear effects. Thus, it is very meaningful to research a numerical algorithm which can ensure energy conservation for Bq system. The contributions of this work are twofold: constructing a conservative scheme based on undetermined coefficients using the finite difference method; it is proved theoretically that this scheme has good performance; for the discrete format in the existing Bq wave system with high-order dispersion and nonlinear source terms, the discrete method is to take difference transformation for each term in the system, while the theoretical properties of the numerical solution are not taken into consideration; however, for the Bq system in this paper, the conservation scheme has more strict requirement on each term; presenting the finite difference method with undetermined coefficients for energy conservation format, taking proper treatment for high-order dispersion and nonlinear source differential forms, and finally analyzing the above method theoretically. The results showed that with this method the differential form with complex structure can be found effectively, and it has good convergent order, which contributes to the establishment of the stability properties of the solutions.
2. Commonly Used Symbols and Lemmas
In this paper, we consider a new conservation difference scheme for problem (1)–(3). For convenience, we illustrate the following symbols at first: where stands for the approximate value at the point of , , and is the general constant (it has different values in different places).
We introduce the following difference symbols:
Lemma 1 (see [11]). For any two mesh functions , , one has(1);(2);(3);(4)furthermore, if , then .
Lemma 2 (see [11] (discrete Sobolev’s inequality)). For any discrete function on the finite interval , there is the inequalityorwhere , , and are three constants independent of and step length , can be any small, and is a constant dependent on .
Lemma 3 (see [12]). Suppose that and . Then there are and such that
Lemma 4 (see [11] (discrete Gronwall’s inequality)). Suppose that the discrete functions , are nonnegative; is nondecreasing, so that if nonnegative constants and , one can get then .
Lemma 5 (see [13] (Brouwer fixed point theorem)). Let be a finite dimensional inner product space; suppose that is continuous and there exists such that with . Then there exists , such that and .
3. Difference Scheme and Its Discrete Conservative Laws
We establish the three layers finite difference schemes based on the problem of (1)–(3), as follows:
Obviously, (11) requires two initial values to stat the iteration. Thirst value is obtained from the initial condition in (3). The second value can be approximated by Taylor’s expansion about whereso that we can get . At that time, when , it follows from (13) that then we define . For convenience, the last term of (11) is defined by
Theorem 6. The finite difference scheme (11)–(15) admits the following invariant: where satisfies .
Proof. Multiplying (11) by , summing over , we obtainwhereThus, substituting (22) into (21), we haveso thatwe letThen we obtain The proof of Theorem 6 is completed.
4. The Existence of the Difference Solutions
Theorem 7. There exists which satisfies the difference scheme (11).
Proof. We assume that when , there exist satisfying (11). Next we prove that there exists which satisfies (11). Let be an operator on defined byobviously is continuous. Computing the inner product of (27) with , we obtainwherethereforewherethenHence it is obvious that with . It follows from Lemma 5 that there exists such that . If we take , it satisfies (11). This completes the proof.
5. Convergence and Stability
Let the solution of problem (1)–(3) be ; that is, . Then we consider the truncation error of the difference scheme of (11)–(15) as follows:According to Taylor expansion, we obtain that when , .
Theorem 8. The solution of the finite difference scheme (11)–(15) converges to the solution of the initial-boundary value problem (1)–(3) with order by the norm.
Proof. We define the solution of the finite difference scheme (11)–(15) which is . Let and . Subtracting (33) to (11), we havewhereComputing the inner product of (34) with , we getwhereBy Lemma 3, it can be immediately obtained that there exist and , such thatfurthermorecombining (36) with (39), we can getLetso that (40) can be expressed assumming (42) from to ,furthermorethereforeBy Lemma 4, we can getIt follows thatBy Lemma 2, we can get
Theorem 9. The finite difference scheme (11)–(15) is stable by the norm.
Proof. Let be another solution of the finite difference scheme (11)–(15), so that we can have the initial conditions where is a small perturbation of initial value. Then we define the error as follows:Therefore, the error satisfies the following equation:whereSimilar to the proof of Theorem 8, it is easy to get . Thus the stability can be proved.
6. Numerical Experiments
In this section, some numerical tests are given to support the convergence order and energy conservation of the scheme proposed in this paper. We performed our experiments in Wolfram Mathematica 9.0 soft on an Intel(R) Xeon(R)E5620, 2.40 GHz dual-core CPU PC with 8 GB of memory. The computational space and time convergence order of the method are calculated with the following formulas: where are errors corresponding () to mesh size and (), respectively.
We consider the generalized Boussinesq equation on the region . The initial conditions solution are given by
Since we do not know the exact solution of the generalized Boussinesq equation, an error estimate method has been used: a comparison between the numerical solutions on a coarse mesh and those on a refine mesh is made. We consider the solution on mesh , , by the scheme proposed in this paper as the reference solution.
The problem is solved using the scheme proposed in this paper with and several values of for , and the errors, computational space orders (corresponding to ), the initial energy, and energy difference are shown in Table 1. The numerical results in Table 1 demonstrate that the convergence of space is of order 2. Besides the conservation law of energy is verified very well for the energy difference in Table 1.
In Table 2, we show the error and computational time convergence orders of with and several values of for . The numerical results show that the time convergence orders of the scheme proposed in this paper are 2.
Space-time graph of numerical solution of the problem with , , and is shown in Figure 1(a). The energy difference in each time level of test problem with different , , and is shown in Figure 1(b). It can be observed from Figure 1 that the scheme proposed in this paper has good energy conservative behaviors.
(a) Numerical solution of
(b) Energy difference
7. Conclusions
In this paper, we have presented a conservation of finite difference scheme for the initial-boundary value problem of generalized Boussinesq equations. The uniqueness, convergence, and stability with of the finite difference approximate solutions were discussed in detail. The behaviors of the proposed scheme were tested on the Bq equation and the conservation law of energy is concerned through the numerical result obtained which were found close to the energy difference.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11071033 and 11101102), the Ph.D. Start-Up Fund of Liaoning Province of China (nos. 20141137 and 20141139), the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China (no. 20170540004), and the Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program (no. 2013921055).