Abstract

We study the qualitative behavior of the following exponential system of rational difference equations:  = /,   = /,   =  where , , , , , and and initial conditions , , , and are positive real numbers. More precisely, we investigate the boundedness character and persistence, existence and uniqueness of positive equilibrium, local and global behavior, and rate of convergence of positive solutions that converges to unique positive equilibrium point of the system. Some numerical examples are given to verify our theoretical results.

1. Introduction

Mathematical models of population dynamics have created great interest in the field of difference equations. As pointed out in [1, 2], to model biological phenomenon, discrete dynamical systems are more appropriate than continuous time models, being computationally efficient to get numerical results. Difference equations also appear naturally as discrete analogs of differential and delay differential equations and have applications in finance, biological, physical, and social sciences. Nonlinear difference equations and their stability analysis and global and local behaviors are of great interest on their own. For some interesting results in this regard we refer to [3–6] and the references therein. Exponential difference equations made their appearance in population dynamics. Though their analysis is hard, it is very interesting at the same time. Biologists believe that the equilibrium points and their stability analysis are important to understand the population dynamics.

El-Metwally et al. [3] have investigated the boundedness character, asymptotic behavior, periodicity nature of the positive solutions, and stability of equilibrium point of the following population model: where the parameters , are positive numbers and the initial conditions are arbitrary nonnegative real numbers.

Ozturk et al. [7] have investigated the boundedness, asymptotic behavior, periodicity, and stability of the positive solutions of the following difference equation: where the parameters , , and are positive numbers and the initial conditions are arbitrary nonnegative numbers.

Bozkurt [8] has investigated the local and global behavior of positive solutions of the following difference equation: where the parameters ,  , and and the initial conditions are arbitrary positive numbers.

Motivated by the above studies, our aim in this paper is to investigate the qualitative behavior of positive solutions of the following exponential system of rational difference equations: where the parameters ,  ,  ,  ,  , and are positive numbers and the initial conditions are arbitrary nonnegative real numbers.

More precisely, we investigate the boundedness character, persistence, existence, and uniqueness of positive steady state, local asymptotic stability and global behavior of unique positive equilibrium point, and rate of convergence of positive solutions of system (4) which converge to its unique positive equilibrium point.

2. Boundedness and Persistence

The following theorem shows that every solution of (4) is bounded and persists.

Theorem 1. Every positive solution of the system (4) is bounded and persists.

Proof. Let be an arbitrary solution of (4); then From (4) and (5), we have So, from (5) and (6), we get This proves the statement.

Theorem 2. Let be a positive solution of the system (4). Then, is invariant set for system (4).

Proof. It follows by induction.

3. Linearized Stability

Let us consider four-dimensional discrete dynamical system of the form where and are continuously differentiable functions and are some intervals of real numbers. Furthermore, a solution of system (8) is uniquely determined by initial conditions for . Along with system (8) we consider the corresponding vector map . An equilibrium point of (8) is a point that satisfies The point is also called a fixed point of the vector map .

Definition 3. Let be an equilibrium point of the system (8).(i)An equilibrium point is said to be stable if for every there exists such that for every initial condition , implies for all , where is the usual Euclidian norm in .(ii)An equilibrium point is said to be unstable if it is not stable.(iii)An equilibrium point is said to be asymptotically stable if there exists such that and as .(iv)An equilibrium point is called global attractor if as .(v)An equilibrium point is called asymptotic global attractor if it is a global attractor and stable.

Definition 4. Let be an equilibrium point of the map where and are continuously differentiable functions at . The linearized system of (8) about the equilibrium point is where and is the Jacobian matrix of the system (8) about the equilibrium point .
Let be equilibrium point of the system (4); then To construct corresponding linearized form of system (4) we consider the following transformation: where The Jacobian matrix about the fixed point under the transformation (13) is given by where

Lemma 5 (see [9]). For the system , , of difference equations such that is a fixed point of . If all eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix about lie inside the open unit disk , then is locally asymptotically stable. If one of them has a modulus greater than one, then is unstable.

The following theorem shows the existence and uniqueness of positive equilibrium point of system (4).

Theorem 6. If where + /, then the system (4) has a unique positive equilibrium point in .

Proof. Consider the following system of algebraic equations: Assume that ; then it follows from (18) that Define where , . It is easy to see that if and only if if and only if Hence, has at least one positive solution in the interval . Furthermore, assume that condition (17) is satisfied; then one has Hence, has a unique positive solution in . This completes the proof.

Theorem 7. If where then, the unique positive equilibrium point of the system (4) is locally asymptotically stable.

Proof. The characteristic equation of the Jacobian matrix about equilibrium point is given by where ,  ,  , and .
Assuming condition (25) one has Therefore, inequality (28) and Remark of reference [10] imply that the unique positive equilibrium point of the system (4) is locally asymptotically stable.

4. Global Character

Lemma 8 (see [11]). Let and be real intervals, and let and be continuous functions. Consider the system (8) with initial conditions . Suppose that the following statements are true.(i) is nonincreasing in both arguments .(ii) is nonincreasing in both arguments .(iii)If is a solution of the system such that and , then there exists exactly one equilibrium point of the system (8) such that .

Theorem 9. The unique positive equilibrium point of the system (4) is a global attractor.

Proof. Define and . It is easy to see that and are nonincreasing in both arguments and . Let be a solution of the system Then, one has Furthermore, arguing as in the proof of Theorem 1.16 of [11], it suffices to suppose that Moreover, From (31), we have Using the fact that , one gets From (36), we conclude that . Similarly, from (32), it is easy to show that . Hence, from Lemma 8, the unique positive equilibrium point of the system (4) is a global attractor.

Corollary 10. If condition (25) of Theorem 7 is satisfied, then the unique positive equilibrium point of the system (4) is globally asymptotically stable.

Proof. The proof is a direct consequence of Theorems 7 and 9.

5. Rate of Convergence

In this section we will determine the rate of convergence of a solution that converges to the unique positive equilibrium point of the system (4).

The following result gives the rate of convergence of solutions of a system of difference equations: where is an -dimensional vector, is a constant matrix, and is a matrix function satisfying as , where denotes any matrix norm which is associated with the vector norm

Proposition 11 (Perron’s theorem [12]). Suppose that condition (38) holds. If is a solution of (37), then either for all large or exists and is equal to the modulus of one of the eigenvalues of matrix .

Proposition 12 (see [12]). Suppose that condition (38) holds. If is a solution of (37), then either for all large or exists and is equal to the modulus of one of the eigenvalues of matrix .