Abstract
Hypothesis. To evaluate the clinical and prognostic role of haemodynamically insignificant stenosis of the extracranial arteries (ECA) and lower extremity arteries (LEA) among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients and Methods. The study sample consisted of 423 patients with STEMI who were consecutively admitted to the Kemerovo Cardiological Centre. Results. The prevalence of polyvascular diseases (PVD), as defined by an increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery or by stenosis of the ECA or LEA, was 95%. Among patients with ECA or LEA, the case fatality rate of those with stenosis with occlusion of less than 30% of the vessel lumen was 5.7%, whereas the case fatality rate among patients with stenosis with occlusion of more than 30% of the vessel lumen was 15.1% (, ). Using the GRACE score model, together with the determination of additional factors (congestive heart failure, PVD, prior stroke, and smoking status), we developed an improved model (KemScore) for death risk stratification for a 12-month period. The value of the AUC for our model (KemScore) was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.76–0.90), which was significantly higher than the initial GRACE score value of 0.71 (95% CI = 0.63–0.79).
1. Introduction
Accurate risk stratification plays a very important role in the management of patients with acute and chronic coronary heart diseases (CHD). However, current prediction models that determine the potential adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes do not take coronary artery lesions into account [1–3]. It is also well known that atherosclerosis is a systemic pathological process affecting multiple arteries (coronary, extracranial, and arteries of the lower extremities). Much of the current research in this area has focused on local manifestations of atherosclerosis in the affected area, leaving lesions of the associated vascular regions largely unnoticed due to the lack of proper diagnostic evaluation methods. Stenosis of the coronary and cerebral arteries may manifest clinically as acute cardiovascular events or stroke, respectively, whereas other vascular lesions appear to be latent and may result in fatal complications under certain conditions. The choice of treatment method is of critical importance in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis in combination with CHD because many of these conditions are characterised by an absence of haemodynamically significant lesions of noncoronary arteries. Patients with polyvascular diseases (PVD) are at a high risk, requiring a special approach in treatment due to the characteristics of the arterial lesions [4]. This study evaluates the clinical and prognostic role of haemodynamically insignificant stenosis of the extracranial and lower extremity arteries among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We attempted to develop a method for improving the predictive value of GRACE risk score by adding the additional risk factors.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
The study sample consisted of 423 Russian patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) consecutively admitted to the Kemerovo Cardiological Centre in 2009. All the patients were the residents of Kemerovo city. In compliance with the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology [5], the inclusion criterion for this study was a diagnosis of STEMI up to 24 hours after its onset. Age under 18 years and myocardial infarction after the percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass surgery were the exclusion criteria.
2.2. Details of Study Protocol
This study was approved by the local ethical committee, and all patients signed informed consent forms. Complaints, previous medical history, results of clinical examination, electrocardiogram data, levels of cardiospecific enzymes, systemic haemodynamic values, and echocardiogram data were registered. Colour duplex screening of the extracranial arteries (ECA) and lower extremity arteries (LEA) was performed on 5–7 days of hospitalization for all patients using the cardiovascular ultrasound system Vivid 7 Dimension (General Electric, USA) with a 5.7 MHz linear array transducer (for ECA), a 2.5–3 MHz curved array transducer, and a 5 MHz linear array transducer (for LEA). The extent of arterial stenosis was assessed in regimen and by dopplerography (visualizing the local haemodynamics in the stenosis zone). Common and internal carotid arteries and vertebral and subclavian arteries were visualized from both sides during the ECA screening; common and deep femoral arteries and popliteal, anterior, and posterior tibial arteries were visualized from both sides during the LEA screening. The intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery was measured in automatic mode (the value up to 1 mm was considered normal). Creatinine clearance was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation: CCr = ((140 − Age) × mass (in kilograms) × [0.85 if female])/(72 × Serum Creatinine (in mg/dL)). Haemoglobin, total cholesterol, glucose, and fibrinogen levels were also estimated immediately after hospital admission and before discharge. The preferable methods of myocardial reperfusion were defined in the shortest terms and included percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and systemic thrombolytic therapy (TLT). Myocardial revascularization was not conducted when technical problems occurred or in patients with complex coronary anatomy or in those with contraindications to TLT or PCI. The clinical characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 1. All patients received the standard therapy of unfractionated heparin, aspirin, clopidogrel, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and statins. Reperfusion was not carried out in 157 (37.12%) cases; additionally, 53 (12.53%) patients received thrombolytic therapy, and 213 (50.35%) underwent PCI. Statins, clopidogrel, aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and beta-blockers were also prescribed after discharge. Additionally, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics were prescribed to patients. Seven patients (1.65%) died during hospitalisation. Coronary artery bypass surgery was not carried out during the hospitalization. The disease outcome in a 12-month follow-up period was defined in 397 patients (95.43% of the initially discharged patients), and 39 fatal outcomes were registered (35 out of them were due to the cardiovascular causes; in the rest of the cases, the cause was not specified).
2.3. Statistical Analysis
A statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistic 19.0.0 (IBM Company, USA). We calculated the percentage ratio, mean, and the 95% confidence interval for the mean. The analysis of differences between the independent groups was carried out using Pearson’s chi-square test. The Cox proportional hazards survival regression was applied to identify the independent predictors of the fatal outcomes. The value of the chi-square test and the area under the ROC-curve (AUC) were taken into consideration (C statistic). Missing data were not available during the procedure of multivariate analysis. Differences in the compared groups were considered to be statistically significant when the value was less than 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. PVD Clinical Significance and Incidence
The prevalence of PVD, as defined by the increased intima-media thickness (IMT) or by the various degrees of stenosis, was quite high (94.80%). In addition, 29.55% of the patients were characterised by stenosis with an occlusion of more than 50% of the vessel lumen, 17.73% of the patients were characterised by stenosis with an occlusion of 30%–50% of vessel lumen, and 44.52% of the patients were characterised by a stenosis with an occlusion of less than 30% of the vessel lumen or an increased IMT. Stratification of patients into groups revealed that the majority of patients (52.38%) had lesions in all 3 arterial territories (coronary arteries, ECA, and LEA), 46.37% of patients had CHD together with the lesions in the ECA, and only 1.25% of patients had manifestations of coronary artery atherosclerosis together with the lesions in the LEA.
Severe stenosis in the large arteries was more frequent among older patients and was associated with an increased incidence of angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, and prior myocardial infarction and stroke in the medical history. Acute heart failure (Killip II–IV), renal dysfunction, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, multivessel CHD, and rare cases of hyperchylomicronaemia were registered in enrolled patients with PVD (Table 2). Thus, the presence of PVD among patients with STEMI was found to be associated with a more severe clinical status. This fact also increases the value of determining the pathological mechanisms, which may help to assess prognosis.
3.2. Prognostic Value of PVD
The GRACE score was calculated for all patients before discharge. On the basis of these scores, 167 subjects (39.48%) were included in a low risk group (score 27–99), 140 individuals (33.10%) were categorised in the average risk group (score 100–127), and 116 individuals (27.42%) were regarded as high risk group (score 128–263). The case fatality rates were 2.58%, 7.52%, and 22.94%, respectively, according to the distribution of GRACE score risk groups (, ).
Stenosis of more than 30% of the ECA and LEA lumina was significantly associated with a high incidence of fatal outcomes within the one-year follow-up period (, ). In addition, patients without PVD () had no fatal outcomes, in contrast to the patients with the ECA and LEA stenosis with stenosis of less than 30% of the vessel lumen (, case fatality rate 5.70%). The individuals with stenosis with an occlusion of 30%–50% of the vessel lumen () had 10.96% fatal outcomes in contrast to the patients with the stenosis of more than 50% of the vessel lumen (, case fatality rate 17.70%). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of fatal outcomes within the one-year follow-up period between patients who had lesions in all three vascular areas (coronary arteries, ECA, and LEA) and patients who had lesions only in two vascular areas (coronary arteries, ECA).
The Kaplan-Meier curve, showing the 12-month survival depending on the severity of peripheral artery disease, is shown in Figure 1. According to these data, the risk of death in patients with noncoronary artery stenosis with an occlusion of more than 30% of the vessel lumen was higher than that of other groups and increased steadily until the 12th month of followup.
3.3. Multiple Analysis Results and Prognostic Model Construction
We attempted to modify GRACE score model for the implementation of our results into the clinical practice. The Cox proportional hazards survival regression analysis with stepwise selection of independent risk factors for death was carried out for the achievement of this aim. The traditional risk factors (congestive heart failure, prior stroke, smoking status, and GRACE score) and the new risk factor, PVD with a varying degree of severity, were selected among various parameters (Table 3). Our obtained model of risk stratification included all the factors indicated in Table 3 and was named KemScore. The value of the model was 76.93, with . A comparative analysis of prognostic values of the new model (KemScore) and the GRACE score model was conducted by comparing the AUC (Figure 2).
The value of the AUC for the GRACE score model was 0.71 (95% CI = 0.63–0.79), whereas this value for the KemScore model was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.76–0.90). Thus, the addition of a new factor to the GRACE score model allows a more accurate risk stratification within one year after myocardial infarction. The previously described score system of risk factors was designed with the aim of convenient application in clinical practice (Table 4). A point value was assigned to each of the factors based on their influence on the risk of death. The case fatality rate after myocardial infarction, according to the scores within one year, is presented in Figure 3.
4. Discussion
Currently, there is no consensus on the incidence of multivessel atherosclerosis because of the different diagnostic approaches and study inclusion criteria. According to the literature, PVD incidence varies widely from 13.5% [6] to 94% [7]. Several authors assessed only clinical manifestations of ischemic vascular events [8, 9], while other authors used angiographic methods of diagnostics [6, 10], and still others focused on the ankle-brachial index [11] or ultrasound [7, 12] assessment methods. In addition, a wide range of PVD incidences in patients with varying degrees of cardiovascular risk can be explained by analysing subjects regardless of their age, gender, and ischemic heart disease forms (from stable angina to acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation). However, it is obvious that patients examined in outpatient settings will be characterised as having relatively low cardiovascular risk, and a determination of PVD incidence is substantially complicated compared to patients admitted to the hospital as a result of various cardiovascular events who, therefore, had higher cardiovascular risk. The detection of stenosis in the ECA or LEA and increased IMT were the underlying criteria for the diagnosis of PVD in this study, and its prevalence was 95%.
Undoubtedly, a case that presents with PVD determines the high risk status of a patient. However, it is impossible to determine the exact contribution of this particular condition to the risk stratification schemes at the present time, due to the different approaches in the diagnosis of peripheral artery lesions. A number of published studies also suggested that PVD patients constitute a high risk group. Ferreira-González et al. [4] have shown that patients with acute coronary syndrome associated with symptomatic peripheral arterial lesions had prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, positive smoking status, and higher Killip class, and multivessel atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is more often compared to individuals without such lesions, as also confirmed by Spencer et al. [6] and Van Kuijk et al. [13]. PVD was also associated with a higher frequency of adverse risk factors of presented coronary heart disease in this study.
According to Spencer et al. [6], a high case fatality rate was noted among patients with acute myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) within 12 months of followup. Patients with PAD were at a significantly increased risk of death at 1 year after hospital discharge (adjusted OR 2.00, 95% CI = 1.58–2.52) in comparison with patients without prior PAD [6]. In the CAFES-CAVE prospective study [14], 13,221 patients without clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases and with low risk of their development were involved. All patients were divided into four groups according to the results of ultrasonography of the extracranial arteries and lower extremity arteries. Group 1 had no pathological changes in the arteries, Group 2 had high IMT, Group 3 had plaques without luminal stenosis, and Group 4 had plaques with luminal stenosis. The prevalence of adverse events over several years of followup was 0.1%, 8.6%, 39.3%, and 81.1% in these four groups, respectively. The authors supposed high IMT to be associated with a low risk of cardiovascular events, the plaques without luminal stenosis to be associated with a moderate risk, and the plaques with luminal stenosis to be correlated with a high risk. In our study, patients with STEMI, even with haemodynamically insignificant stenosis of noncoronary vascular origin, were shown to have significantly worse outcomes after 12 months of followup compared to patients with STEMI without PVD.
The past literature has shown evidence to support the idea that the GRACE score is equally effective in assessing prognosis at 6 and 12 months after acute coronary syndrome [15]. De Araújo Gonçalves et al. [15] studied 460 consecutive patients admitted to the coronary care unit with an ACS. The best predictive accuracy for death or MI at 1 year was obtained by the GRACE (AUC: 0.72 (95% CI = 0.67–0.76)) [15]. This has also been confirmed by the present study. The values of the AUC for the prognosis assessment ability of the GRACE score at the 6- and 12-month follow-up period were 0.73 (95% CI = 0.64–0.82) and 0.71 (95% CI = 0.63–0.79), respectively. In the study by Abu-Assi et al. [16] on 1183 Spanish patients, the predictive value of the GRACE score was significantly higher, as the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.90 (95% CI = 0.83–0.98). However, in the study by Lev et al. [3] on 974 Israeli patients, this value was much lower (AUC was 0.50 (95% CI = 0.47–0.54)). These examples show restrictions in the applicability of the current GRACE score model and the necessity to improve this model by adding new parameters. This study, therefore, proposed an improvement in the ability of the current model to predict prognosis by adding the severity of polyvascular diseases as an additional risk factor to the GRACE risk score. This factor is suggested to reflect not only a variety of other cardiovascular risk factors but also the severity of subclinical inflammation. It is important because such subclinical inflammation may lead to progression of atherosclerosis and the destabilisation of haemodynamically insignificant atherosclerotic plaques, causing development of new vascular events.
Unfortunately, our study has several limitations. Firstly, the sample size was not large; secondly, we have not assessed the reclassification and other endpoints such as nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and so forth.
5. Summary
Polyvascular diseases with even insignificant stenosis of the peripheral arteries not only determine the presence of multiple risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with myocardial infarction but also appear to be an independent predictor of adverse (fatal) cardiovascular outcome. Therefore, this factor should be considered in the risk stratification.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.