Adiposity Measurements by BMI, Skinfolds and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in relation to Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Adult Males
Table 1
Study group characteristics.
BMI/SF
BMI/DXA
BMI/SF/DXA
ANOVA or chi square significance
Age (yr)
47.2 (41.6–52.1)
49.4 (42.8–57.0)
54.2 (43.1–60.6)
0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
25.2 (23.6–26.8)
25.5 (24.2–27.3)
25.1 (23.8–26.7)
0.001
Smoking (cigarettes per day %)
0.001
Nonsmoker
65
82
79
<5
20
9
10
5–14
3
6
6
15–24
6
3
4
>24
6
1
1
Alcohol (units/week %)
0.001
Never drinks
2
2
3
<28
55
75
73
28–56 units/week
33
21
21
>56 units/week
10
2
3
Exercise (%)
0.007
No exercise
39
43
49
Nonaerobic
47
42
42
Aerobic
14
15
9
Drugs (%)
Lipid lowering
0.3
1.9
2.6
0.05
Blood pressure lowering
1.2
6.0
7.7
0.001
SF fat (Kg)
19.6 (16.1–22.9)
—
20.7 (17.3–25.0)
—
DXA fat (Kg)
—
19.6 (16.5–24.9)
18.5 (15.8–22.2)
—
SF % fat
24.5 (20.9–27.3)
—
25.8 (22.6–29.4)
—
DXA % fat
—
24.2 (21.4–28.8)
23.3 (20.3–26.6)
—
SF triceps (mm)
10.9 (8.5–13.4)
—
10.5 (8.9–12.8)
—
SF biceps (mm)
6.1 (4.9–8.0)
—
6.1 (5.0–7.8)
—
SF subscapular (mm)
16.9 (13.3–20.0)
—
16.6 (13.6–21.3)
—
SF iliac (mm)
15.0 (10.7–20.0)
—
18.7 (13.5–24.4)
—
DXA android (Kg)
—
10.6 (8.4–13.8)
9.5 (7.8–12.0)
—
DXA gynoid (Kg)
—
6.1 (5.2–7.5)
6.0 (5.2–7.2)
—
DXA % android (%)
—
54.0 (50.1–57.5)
51.5 (47.4–55.0)
—
DXA % gynoid (%)
—
31.9 (28.6–35.0)
33.2 (30.9–36.0)
—
Systolic BP (mm Hg)
125 (115–135)
120 (110–135)
120 (110–140)
0.6
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
80 (70–90)
80 (70–85)
80 (70–85)
0.01
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
5.5 (4.8–6.3)
5.3 (4.8–6.0)
5.2 (4.7–5.8)
0.01
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
3.6 (2.9–4.2)
3.4 (2.9–4.0)
3.3 (2.9–3.9)
0.1
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
1.23 (0.93–1.70)
1.16 (0.82–1.76)
1.06 (0.72–1.51)
0.001
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
1.30 (1.12–1.51)
1.25 (1.08–1.46)
1.27 (1.07–1.48)
0.07
FPG (mmol/L)
5.3 (5.0–5.6)
5.3 (5.0–5.6)
5.3 (5.1–5.6)
0.02
FPI (mU/L)
10.5 (6.0–15.5)
9.5 (6.5–13.6)
10.0 (7.0–14.3)
0.1
HOMA-IR
2.4 (1.5–3.8)
2.3 (1.5–3.3)
2.4 (1.6–3.4)
0.1
Matsuda-Si
4.6 (3.0–6.9)
—
—
—
IVGTT-Si (/min/mU/L)
—
3.2 (2.3–4.5)
3.2 (2.3–4.4)
—
WBC (109/L)
5.5 (4.7–6.5)
5.3 (4.5–6.2)
5.2 (4.5–6.2)
0.1
ESR (min)
5 (2–10)
3 (2–6)
3 (2–7)
0.001
Globulin (g/L)
24 (22–27)
22 (20–24)
22 (20–24)
0.001
Albumin (g/L)
42 (40–44)
45 (43–47)
44 (43–46)
0.001
Medians (interquartile ranges) for continuous variables and group percentages for categorical variables are shown. BMI: body mass index; SF: skinfold thickness; DXA: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; BP: blood pressure; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; FPI: fasting plasma insulin; IVGTT-Si: intravenous glucose tolerance test insulin sensitivity; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; WBC: white blood cell count; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
