Biomarker Species Activity Reference Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (SuPAR)
Human Elevated levels in the plasma of primary FSGS patients and in plasma and urine of transplanted patients with recurrent FSGS [23 –25 ] Still inconclusive for primary FSGS diagnosis in children [26 ] Mice Causes foot process effacement, proteinuria, and FSGS-like glomerulopathy by direct activation of podocyte integrins [16 , 27 ] Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLC-1 )Human Elevated plasma levels in patients with recurrent FSGS, mimicking the effects of FSGS plasma on Palb. Anti-CLC-1- specific monoclonal antibody blocks the Palb effect of active FSGS sera [4 , 13 ] Transforming growth factor-beta
)
Human Circulating plasma levels correlated with other biomarkers in patients with diverse glomerulopathies [28 ] Increased renal expression in children with FSGS [29 ] Increased expression of the protein, its receptor, and associated signalling proteins in podocytes of FSGS patients [30 ] In situ expression is associated with changes in extracellular matrix and podocyte apoptosis [31 ] Mice Induces podocyte apoptosis [32 ] Malondialdehyde
Human Potent marker of oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation used in several acute and chronic kidney diseases in adults and children [33 –35 ] Elevated urine and serum levels associated with glomerular overexpression in patients with FSGS [36 , 37 ] Mice Associated with reactive oxygen species overproduction in animal glomeruli mimicking human FSGS [38 ] Dystroglycan
Human Differential expression between MCD and FSGS patients [39 ] Increased expression in FSGS compared to MDC renal biopsies [40 ] Rat Serves as matrix anchor to the glomerular filtration membrane [41 ] Transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRP6) Human Fundamental component of the glomerular basement membrane. Gene mutations cause inherited glomerular diseases such as FSGS [42 , 43 ]
MicroRNAs Human Higher serum levels in primary FSGS than MCD patients. They correlate with the degree of interstitial fibrosis in FSGS [44 ] Rat They are mainly expressed in the renal cortex [45 ] Metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
Human Elevated plasma levels associated with kidney allograft survival [46 ] Circulating plasma levels correlated with other biomarkers in patients with diverse glomerulopathies [28 ] Mice Decreased expression in the kidneys of mice presenting glomerulonephritis [47 ] Rat Reduced expression was associated with fibronectin deposition in FSGS injured glomeruli [48 ] Human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)
Human
Increase in urine and kidney cortical tubules of patients with acute renal failure [49 –51 ] Elevated levels in the urine from children with FSGS, presenting positive correlation with urinary protein excretion but negative correlation with estimated creatinine clearance at disease diagnosis [52 ]
