Chemokines as Potential Markers in Pediatric Renal Diseases

Table 1

The families of chemokines described in humans (IUPHAR nomenclature/original name).

Chemokine family	Structure	Function	Main members
CC chemokines.	The first two cysteine residues are adjacent to each other.	Attraction of mononuclear cells to sites of chronic inflammation.	CCL2/MCP-1; CCL3/MIP-1𝛼; CCL5/RANTES
CXC chemokines subfamily ELR (+).	The first two cysteine residues are separated by a single aminoacid with a glutamic acid-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif near the N terminal of the molecule.	Attraction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to sites of acute inflammation.	CXCL8/IL-8
CXC chemokines subfamily ELR (−).	The first two cysteine residues are separated by a single aminoacid without ELR motif.	IFN-𝛾 inducible chemokines, which are involved in the recruitment of Th1 lymphocytes.	CXCL9/MIG; CXCL10/IP-10; CXCL11/I-TAC
CX3C chemokines.	The first two cysteine residues are separated by three amino acids.	Chemokines expressed on activated endothelial cells responsible for leucocyte adhesion and migration.	CX3CL1/fractalkine
XC chemokines.	With a single cysteine residue.	Attraction of certain subsets of T-cells and natural killer cells	XCL1/lymphotactin-𝛼; XCL2/lymphotactin-𝛽

CCL2/MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; CCL3/MIP-1𝛼: macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alfa; CCL5/RANTES: regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted; CXCL8/IL-8: interleukin-8; CXCL9/MIG: monokine induced by gamma interferon; CXCL10/IP-10: interferon gamma-induced protein 10; CXCL11/I-TAC: interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant.