Serum Endostatin Concentrations Are Higher in Men with Symptoms of Intermittent Claudication

Golledge, Jonathan; Clancy, Paula; Hankey, Graeme J.; Yeap, Bu B.; Norman, Paul E.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/298239

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Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 298239 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/298239

Serum Endostatin Concentrations Are Higher in Men with Symptoms of Intermittent Claudication

Jonathan Golledge,^1,2Paula Clancy,¹Graeme J. Hankey,^3,4Bu B. Yeap,^3,5and Paul E. Norman⁶

Academic Editor: George Perry

Received18 Oct 2013

Revised18 Dec 2013

Accepted19 Dec 2013

Published30 Jan 2014

Abstract

Objectives. A cleavage fragment of collagen XVIII, endostatin, is released into the circulation and has been demonstrated to have antiangiogenic effects in animal models. We hypothesized that circulating endostatin would be increased in patients with symptoms of lower limb peripheral artery disease. Design. Cross-sectional study. Participants. Community dwelling older men. Measurements. Intermittent claudication was defined using the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire (ECQ). Serum endostatin was measured by a commercial ELISA. The association of serum endostatin with intermittent claudication was examined using logistic regression adjusting for age, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Results. Serum endostatin was measured in 1114 men who completed the ECQ. 106 men had intermittent claudication, 291 had atypical pain, and 717 had no lower limb pain. Mean (±standard deviation) serum endostatin concentrations (ng/mL) were 145.22 ± 106.93 for men with intermittent claudication, 129.11 ± 79.80 for men with atypical pain, and 116.34 ± 66.57 for men with no lower limb pain; . A 70 ng/mL increase in endostatin was associated with a 1.17-fold rise in the adjusted odds of having intermittent claudication (OR 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.37, and ). Conclusions. Serum endostatin is raised in older men who have symptoms of intermittent claudication. The role of endostatin in the genesis and outcome of peripheral artery disease requires further investigation.

1. Introduction

Lower limb ischemia due to atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries, commonly termed peripheral artery disease, is a common problem in older adults worldwide [1–3]. The symptoms associated with stenosis or occlusion of lower limb arteries are highly variable [4, 5]. A significant proportion of patients with lower limb ischemia (defined as ankle brachial pressure index <0.9) report no leg symptoms [4, 5]. The exact determinants of symptom severity and outcome for patients with lower limb arterial occlusive disease are poorly understood but likely depend on the ability of the limb to adapt to atherosclerosis through development of new capillaries (angiogenesis) and expansion of collateral arteries (arteriogenesis) [6]. Currently, however, the factors determining angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in patients are poorly defined.

Collagen XVIII is a heparan sulphate proteoglycan expressed (amongst other sites) within elastic arteries [7, 8]. A C-terminal breakdown product of collagen XVIII, known as endostatin, has been extensively investigated for its role in suppression of neoplastic tumours [7]. Both animal model and in vitro studies suggest that endostatin has anti-angiogenic effects [9–11]. Recombinant endostatin is being investigated as a therapy for a number of neoplastic tumours [12].

Given the likely importance of angiogenesis in determining the symptoms associated with peripheral artery disease we hypothesised that circulating endostatin concentrations would be increased in patients who have intermittent claudication. The aim of this study was to compare serum concentration of endostatin in patients with and without intermittent claudication.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Design

To examine the association of serum endostatin concentration with symptoms of intermittent claudication we utilized men recruited from the Health in Men Study (HIMS). HIMS was developed from a community based trial of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm performed between 1996 and 1999 (wave 1) [13]. 4248 men reattended between 2001 and 2004 and completed a second questionnaire and had their blood collected (wave 2). For the current study we randomly selected approximately 25% of men () based on previous studies of circulating endostatin concentration which suggested that this number of subjects would provide >80% power to detect a 30% difference between cases and controls [14, 15]. The University of Western Australia Human Research Ethics Committee approved the study, and all men gave written informed consent.

2.2. Risk Factors and Medication

Risk factors were defined from questionnaires administered at initial assessment (wave 1) and the time of blood sampling (wave 2). Coronary heart disease (CHD) was recorded in patients with a history of angina, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. Hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were defined by a past history of diagnosis or treatment for these conditions. Medications recorded at the time of blood sampling including lipid modifying medication, antihypertensive medication, and diabetes medication were used in these definitions. Past history of stroke was also recorded at both assessments and used to define previous stroke.

2.3. Definition of Intermittent Claudication

Symptoms of intermittent claudication were defined by responses to the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire (ECQ) completed at the time of blood sampling as previously described [15]. The ECQ comprises seven items asking whether pain or discomfort in the legs is present on walking; the distance before pain limits walking; whether pain occurs with standing still or sitting, when walking uphill or hurrying; whether pain occurs with walking at ordinary pace on level ground; and whether pain diminishes within 10 min of resting. A man was classified as positive in the ECQ if he had leg pain when walking, but not sitting or standing, which was relieved by standing still for 10 min. Where pain was present on standing or sitting and not relieved by rest for 10 mins it was defined as atypical.

2.4. Measurement of Serum Endostatin

Blood samples were collected between 08:00 h and 10:30 h. Serum was prepared immediately following phlebotomy and stored at −80°C until assayed. Serum endostatin was measured with a commercial assay (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA) by an experienced scientist unaware of the case or control status. The intra- and interassay coefficients of variations were 7.3 and 9.0%, respectively.

2.5. Statistical Analyses

Quantitative data were not normally distributed (as assessed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests) and were presented as mean and standard deviation and compared by Mann-Whitney or Kruskal Wallis tests. Nominal data were presented as numbers and percentages and compared by chi-squared test. The association of serum endostatin tertiles (and a 70 ng/mL increase) with intermittent claudication was assessed using multiple regression analysis adjusting for age above 76 years (approximately median age), CHD, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, stroke, and dyslipidemia.

3. Results

4,248 men attended for blood sampling and assessment during wave 2 of HIMS. Samples for endostatin measurement were randomly selected on 1117 men of whom 1114 had completed the ECQ. Based on ECQ answers, 106 of these men were defined to have intermittent claudication, 291 had atypical pain (or could not walk), and 717 had no lower limb pain. Mean (±standard deviation) serum endostatin concentrations (ng/mL) were for men with intermittent claudication, for men with atypical pain, and for men with no lower limb pain; . Men with atypical pain were excluded from further analysis.

The characteristics of the 106 men with intermittent claudication and the 717 with no leg pain are shown in Table 1. Men with intermittent claudication were older and more likely to have a history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, CHD, and stroke.

The association of serum endostatin with intermittent claudication was assessed by adjusting for age above 76 years, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, CHD, and stroke. Serum endostatin concentration was mildly but significantly associated with the presence of intermittent claudication (Table 2). Compared to men with serum endostatin in the first (<93 ng/mL) tertile, men with serum endostatin in the second (93–120 ng/mL) tertile had 2.07 adjusted odds (95% confidence interval 1.15–3.73, ) of having intermittent claudication, and men with serum endostatin in the third (>120 ng/mL) tertile had 1.78 adjusted odds (95% confidence interval 0.98–3.22, ) of having intermittent claudication.

In a further analysis we assessed the association of a 70 ng/mL increase in endostatin (approximately one standard deviation) with intermittent claudication after adjusting for age above 76 years, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, CHD, and stroke. A 70 ng/mL increase in endostatin was associated with a 1.17-fold rise in the adjusted odds of having intermittent claudication (odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.37, and ).

4. Discussion

The main finding of this study was that serum concentrations of the antiangiogenic protein endostatin were raised in men with symptoms of intermittent claudication compared to men who did not have leg pain. This association remained after adjusting for the cardiovascular risk factors of age, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. We also adjusted for previous history or treatment of CHD and stroke.

The antiangiogenic effects of endostatin have been of considerable interest to cancer researchers with a number of animal model studies suggesting that endostatin administration inhibits tumour growth [16, 17]. Administration of recombinant endostatin has also been shown to inhibit atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization in a rabbit model [18]. These findings raise the possibility that circulating endostatin could inhibit angiogenesis and arteriogenesis when elevated in peripheral artery disease patients and thereby contribute to the development of lower limb symptoms, such as intermittent claudication.

Despite the demonstrated ability of endostatin to inhibit angiogenesis its overall impact on the outcome of vascular diseases is not yet clear. Studies using a rat model demonstrated that endostatin was upregulated after myocardial infarction and that an antiendostatin antibody promoted mortality [19]. Therefore, in this animal model it is possible that elevated levels of endostatin occurred in response to myocardial injury. Furthermore, downregulation of collagen XVIII, which is cleaved to generate endostatin, has been reported to promote atherosclerosis progression in a mouse model [20]. Of note recombinant endostatin has been reported to inhibit atherosclerosis progression in the same mouse model [21]. Therefore, there are animal data supporting a beneficial effect of endostatin in the context of atherosclerosis.

Human data have been derived from observational studies. Circulating concentrations of endostatin have been found to be raised in patients with a variety of cancers and in some, but not all studies, were associated with poor prognosis [22–25]. Circulating endostatin concentrations have also been reported to be raised in other diseases including inflammatory bowel disease and preeclampsia [26, 27]. Serum endostatin has also been reported to be increased in patients with CHD in some studies, emphasizing the importance of adjusting for this in the current analysis [28, 29]. In the study of Mitsuma and colleagues the level of serum endostatin was inversely related to the extent of coronary collaterals suggesting that endostatin may play a role in inhibiting collateral formation, in keeping with our results [28]. In contrast, in the investigation of Iribarren et al. patients with lower serum endostatin were more at risk of myocardial infarction [29]. There is no current consensus on the role of circulating endostatin in vascular disease; however, the findings of the current study and that of Mitsuma et al. support the hypothesis that circulating endostatin may be a marker of impaired collateral formation or reduced angiogenesis. Further studies on patients with peripheral artery disease are needed to assess this.

A number of possible limitations of this study should be considered including sampling error, measurement error, reverse causality, and residual confounding. While we included over 1000 men in the current study, the prevalence of intermittent claudication was low and the generalizability of the findings to other patients with intermittent claudication, particularly younger patients and females, is not known. The assessment of intermittent claudication was limited to the ECQ. We did not perform other assessments such as measurement of ankle brachial pressure index or arterial imaging. It is therefore possible that we incorrectly allocated patients with peripheral artery disease to the control group. The main aim of our analysis however was to assess the association of endostatin with symptoms of peripheral artery disease which we believe are better captured from the symptom questionnaire than from imaging results. We corrected for confounding factors which we had assessed in our analyses, such as CHD, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors; however, we were unable to correct for other factors which may have influenced serum endostatin such as cancer. The current study is a cross-sectional observational study; therefore while serum endostatin concentrations were raised in patients with intermittent claudication we cannot draw conclusions as to causality.

In conclusion we report for the first time that serum concentrations of the antiangiogenic protein endostatin are raised in patients with intermittent claudication. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the temporal association between increases in serum endostatin and occurrence of intermittent claudication using standardized and reliable diagnostic techniques. Further studies are also needed to examine the influence of other potential residual confounding factors that were not measured in this study on the association between endostatin and intermittent claudication, the mechanisms underlying this association, and to clarify whether endostatin, or its modification, plays a role in the outcome of peripheral artery disease.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the men who contributed to the Health in Men Study. The Health In Men Study has been supported by grants from National Health and Medical Research Council. Additional funding from the Queensland Government supported this work. Jonathan Golledge holds a Practitioner Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (1019921). Jonathan Golledge holds a Senior Clinical Research Fellowship from the Office of Health and Medical Research.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Jonathan Golledge et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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