| Pathophysiologic feature of ARDS | Biomarker | References |
| Exudative phase | Epithelium damage | | | (i) Alveolar type 1 cells | RAGE | [22–24] | HTI56 | [25, 26] | (ii) Alveolar type 2 cells | Surfactant | [27, 28] | KL-6 | [29, 30] | (iii) Clara cells | CC16 | [31, 32] | Endothelium damage | | | | Ang-1, Ang-2 | [33, 34] | ICAM-1 | [35, 138–140] | Selectins | [36, 37] | VEGF | [38, 39] | vWF | [40–42] | Lung matrix alteration | | | | Laminin | [43, 44] | Elastin/desmosine | [45, 46] | MMPs | [47–49] | Inflammatory cascade | | | (i) Proinflammatory | IL-1β/TNF-α | [17, 161–164, 167] | IL-18 | [50, 51] | IL-6 | [52–55] | IL-8 | [169–171] | (ii) Anti-inflammatory | IL-1RA | [56, 57] | sTNF-RI/sTNF-RII | [6, 54, 58] | IL-10 | [59–61] | (iii) Additional markers | HMGB1 | [62, 63] | LBP | [64, 65] | NO | [46, 66, 67] | CRP | [68] | Albumin | [69] | LDH | [69] | Coagulation and fibrinolysis | | | | PA-1 | [32, 53, 70–72] | Protein C | [75, 76, 182] | Thrombomodulin | [73, 74] | Tissue factor | [75–78] | Cell-free hemoglobin |
[75, 76, 79, 80] | Pulmonary vascular permeability | | | | EF/PL ratio | [81, 82] |
| Fibroproliferative phase | Endothelial proliferation | | | | VEGF | [39, 83–86] | Epithelial proliferation | | | | KGF | [87] | HGF | [88, 194, 195, 197] | Epithelial apoptosis | | | | Fas/FasL | [25, 88–91] | Fibroblast proliferation | | | | N-PCP-III | [88, 194, 195, 203, 207] |
|
|