Laboratory and Genetic Biomarkers Associated with Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Hemoglobin SC Disease

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of children with HbSC, including TCD, hematological, biochemical, and immunological data.

Laboratory value	N	Mean ± SD	Percentile values
			25th	50th	75th
TCD
TAMMV, cm/s	68	114.31 ± 22.72	101.50	111.50	125.75
Hemolysis markers
RBC, ×10^12/L	62	4.37 ± 0.49	3.98	4.33	4.75
Hemoglobin, g/dL	62	11.44 ± 0.92	10.80	11.55	12.12
Hematocrit, %	62	32.96 ± 2.86	30.85	33.35	35.02
MCV, fL	62	75.70 ± 5.19	72.12	75.10	79.32
MCH, ρg	62	26.34 ± 2.31	24.87	25.95	27.85
MCHC, g/dL	62	34.76 ± 1.01	34.00	34.90	35.32
RDW, %	62	15.79 ± 1.28	14.70	15.55	16.62
Reticulocyte count, %	61	3.97 ± 1.85	2.75	3.50	4.95
Total bilirubin, mg/dL	68	1.22 ± 1.09	0.60	0.90	1.33
Direct bilirubin, mg/dL	68	0.29 ± 0.13	0.20	0.28	0.36
Indirect bilirubin, mg/dL	68	0.93 ± 1.01	0.38	0.61	0.95
LDH, U/L	65	572.63 ± 185.09	442.00	554.00	663.50
NOx, μM	66	30.63 ± 6.10	25.31	29.86	34.77
Hemoglobin pattern
Fetal hemoglobin, %	68	2.91 ± 2.28	1.50	2.30	4.02
S hemoglobin, %	68	52.09 ± 2.53	50.40	51.80	53.85
C hemoglobin, %	68	40.59 ± 2.47	39.32	40.70	42.37
A2 hemoglobin, %	68	4.33 ± 1.37	3.62	4.20	4.80
Leukocytes
WBC, ×10^9/L	62	8249.31 ± 2233.32	6734.50	8080.00	9670.00
Neutrophil count, ×10^9/L	62	4269.73 ± 1724.12	2753.00	4011.00	5561.50
Segmented count, ×10^9/L	62	4267.71 ± 1724.47	2753.00	4011.00	5561.50
Eosinophil count, ×10^9/L	62	434.29 ± 333.50	208.75	349.50	598.00
Basophil count, ×10^9/L	62	74.84 ± 90.46	0	54.50	106.00
Lymphocyte count, ×10^9/L	62	2860.61 ± 1068.08	2064.25	2537.50	3522.00
Monocyte count, ×10^9/L	62	526.18 ± 225.19	383.50	483.00	664.75
Platelets
Platelet count, ×10^3/mL	62	251.16 ± 87.93	183.00	230.50	305.75
Platelet volume average, fL	62	7.41 ± 1.84	6.00	7.00	8.52
Glucose
Glucose, mg/dL	66	75.29 ± 12.21	68.00	75.00	84.25
Lipid metabolism
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	67	136.24 ± 28.17	121.00	133.00	147.00
HDL-C, mg/dL	65	41.20 ± 9.90	34.00	40.00	48.00
LDL-C, mg/dL	65	80.37 ± 23.52	67.30	78.00	91.20
VLDL-C, mg/dL	68	14.00 ± 4.75	10.20	13.50	17.40
Triglycerides, mg/dL	68	70.00 ± 23.76	51.00	67.50	87.00
Liver
ALT, U/L	68	16.04 ± 8.67	11.00	14.00	19.00
AST, U/L	68	30.40 ± 10.00	23.00	28.50	36.75
Total protein, g/dL	67	7.28 ± 0.53	6.92	7.26	7.64
Albumin, g/dL	67	4.34 ± 0.32	4.00	4.40	4.60
Globulin, g/dL	67	2.94 ± 0.59	2.50	3.00	3.40
Albumin/globulin ratio	67	1.55 ± 0.41	1.20	1.40	1.90
Iron metabolism
Serum iron, mcg/dL	65	71.41 ± 23.02	53.45	66.60	88.35
Ferritin, ηg/mL	64	122.66 ± 120.13	64.00	105.75	134.72
Kidney
Urea nitrogen, mg/dL	68	19.10 ± 5.57	15.00	19.00	23.00
Creatinine, mg/dL	68	0.52 ± 0.13	0.43	0.50	0.58
Inflammation
CRP, mg/L	42	3.33 ± 3.11	1.39	2.31	4.35
AAT, mg/dL	48	132.42 ± 32.70	120.50	139.50	150.75
Haptoglobin, mg/dL	48	11.16 ± 17.88	5.83	5.83	5.83

TCD: transcranial Doppler; TAMMV: time-averaged maximum mean velocity; RBC: red blood cells; MCV: mean cell volume; MCH: mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW: red cell distribution width; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; NOx: nitric oxide metabolites; WBC: white blood cells; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; CRP: C reactive protein; AAT: alpha 1-antitrypsin; SD: standard deviation.