Research Article
Amino Acid-Based Metabolic Panel Provides Robust Prognostic Value Additive to B-Natriuretic Peptide and Traditional Risk Factors in Heart Failure
Table 1
Demographic and laboratory data in normal controls and heart failure patients at different ACC/AHA stages (Initiation cohort).
| | Normal | Stage A | Stage B | Stage C | Stage D | | | | | | | for trend |
| | Age (years) | 53.7 ± 8.0 | 58.6 ± 11.4 | 60.9 ± 12.3 | 60.7 ± 14.2 | 61.5 ± 13.0 | <0.001 | | Male (%) | 46 (35.7) | 64 (68.8) | 83 (69.2) | 263 (66.1) | 66 (65.3) | 0.465 | | LVEF (%) | 71.1 ± 11.9 | 64.8 ± 15.9 | 46.2 ± 15.4 | 33.1 ± 11.3 | 28.7 ± 10.4 | <0.001 | | Blood pressure (mm Hg) | | Systolic | 123.2 ± 15.5 | 127.4 ± 17.7 | 124.9 ± 20.8 | 123.4 ± 18.5 | 117.2 ± 17.4 | <0.001 | | Diastolic | 74.3 ± 11.4 | 77.6 ± 11.0 | 76.1 ± 14.1 | 74.5 ± 12.5 | 73.1 ± 13.1 | 0.008 | | Heart rate, beats/min | 73.1 ± 11.5 | 75.6 ± 13.5 | 74.6 ± 14.1 | 77.3 ± 11.8 | 79.4 ± 13.1 | 0.016 | | Comorbidity | | Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0 (0) | 30 (32.3) | 45 (37.5) | 156 (39.2) | 46 (45.5) | 0.046 | | Chronic kidney disease (%) | 0 (0) | 16 (17.2) | 20 (16.7) | 97 (24.4) | 29 (28.7) | 0.015 | | Hypertension (%) | 0 (0) | 51 (54.8) | 87 (72.5) | 255 (61.1) | 68 (67.3) | 0.287 | | Atrial fibrillation (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.2) | 31 (25.8) | 135 (33.9) | 34 (33.7) | <0.001 | | COPD (%) | 0 (0) | 6 (6.5) | 12 (10.0) | 45 (11.3) | 11 (10.9) | 0.239 | | Ischemia (%) | 0 (0) | 45 (48.4) | 80 (66.7) | 175 (44.0) | 48 (47.5) | 0.059 | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 3.9 | 25.1 ± 4.0 | 25.8 ± 4.4 | 25.2 ± 5.3 | 25.9 ± 7.9 | 0.368 | | Medication | | ACEI or ARB (%) | 0 (0) | 28 (30.1) | 94 (78.3) | 358 (89.9) | 92 (91.1) | <0.001 | | β-Blocker (%) | 0 (0) | 31 (33.3) | 90 (75.0) | 301 (75.6) | 67 (66.3) | <0.001 | | Diuretic (%) | 0 (0) | 11 (11.81) | 45 (37.5) | 236 (59.3) | 71 (70.3) | <0.001 | | Laboratory data | | BNP (log) | 0.94 ± 0.29 | 1.39 ± 0.72 | 2.13 ± 0.65 | 2.58 ± 0.54 | 2.92 ± 0.41 | <0.001 | | Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 211.1 ± 34.8 | 192.7 ± 53.2 | 189.4 ± 53.0 | 177.2 ± 45.8 | 157.3 ± 36.0 | <0.001 | | Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 102.2 ± 58.2 | 153.7 ± 102.4 | 142.1 ± 96.8 | 126.8 ± 80.2 | 114.5 ± 93.1 | 0.001 | | Serum sodium (mEq/L) | 140.2 ± 1.1 | 138.6 ± 4.2 | 139.2 ± 2.4 | 139.1 ± 3.3 | 138.3 ± 3.3 | 0.468 | | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.87 ± 1.40 | 13.98 ± 1.68 | 13.55 ± 1.97 | 13.35 ± 2.12 | 12.95 ± 2.06 | <0.001 | | Albumin (g/dL) | 4.29 ± 0.72 | 4.05 ± 0.59 | 3.80 ± 0.49 | 3.61 ± 0.47 | 3.32 ± 0.51 | <0.001 | | ALT (U/L) | 26.6 ± 14.0 | 29.0 ± 20.2 | 24.2 ± 12.9 | 24.9 ± 15.7 | 28.6 ± 22.1 | 0.951 | | γGT (U/L) | 26.5 ± 19.6 | 42.4 ± 56.7 | 47.5 ± 48.2 | 68.5 ± 137.1 | 143.3 ± 117.1 | 0.001 | | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 99.8 ± 18.4 | 75.7 ± 24.0 | 79.1 ± 29.5 | 72.1 ± 28.4 | 61.9 ± 21.5 | <0.001 | | QRS complex, msec | 90.3 ± 10.4 | 93.7 ± 18.1 | 96.9 ± 19.1 | 103.3 ± 25.9 | 110.7 ± 25.6 | <0.001 | | HOP score | −4.50 ± 4.88 | 1.82 ± 4.42 | 4.10 ± 5.11 | 10.77 ± 4.13 | 18.00 ± 5.02 | <0.001 | | Histidine (μM) | 95.2 ± 17.2 | 88.8 ± 14.3 | 83.2 ± 16.9 | 74.1 ± 14.7 | 71.6 ± 20.5 | <0.001 | | Ornithine (μM) | 59.7 ± 19.5 | 68.7 ± 27.9 | 77.1 ± 30.5 | 101.4 ± 36.5 | 114.8 ± 49.5 | <0.001 | | Phenylalanine (μM) | 57.0 ± 8.5 | 62.3 ± 10.5 | 66.6 ± 16.7 | 75.6 ± 18.8 | 89.0 ± 30.6 | <0.001 |
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Comparison among patients from stages A to D. ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; chronic kidney disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate ; HF: heart failure; HOP: histidine, ornithine, and phenylalanine; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; γGT: γ-glutamyltransferase. |
