The Pathophysiological Mechanisms and the Quest for Biomarkers in Psoriasis, a Stress-Related Skin Disease

Table 1

Biomarkers in psoriasis.

Biomarker	Expression	Reference number
Soluble biomarkers
Serum
CRP	↑	[52, 53]
ESR	↑	[52]
Haptoglobin	↑	[52]
C3, C4 complement proteins	↑	[52]
Fibrinogen	↑	[52]
Soluble P-selectin	↑	[58]
VEGF	↑	[63, 64, 72]
TGF-β1	↑	[69–73, 79]
TIMP-1	↑	[73]
MMP-1	↑	[73]
HBD-2	↑	[78]
S100A8/A9	↑	[84, 86]
S100A12	↑	[86]
IFN-γ	↑	[87]
TNF-α	↑	[87]
IL-6	↑	[87]
IL-8	↑	[87]
IL-12	↑	[87]
IL-18	↑	[73, 87–89]
MDA	↑	[114, 115]
NO	↑	[72, 115]
SOD	↓	[114]
GP	↓	[114]
Anti-Ox-LDL antibodies	↑	[116]
Cell subsets
Th1	↑	[124]
Th17	↑	[124]
Th22	↑	[124]
Tissue-associated biomarkers
K6, K16	↑	[100, 101]
K1, K10	↓	[100, 101]
Connexin 30	↑	[99, 102]
Connexin 26	↑	[99, 103]
BCL-2	↑	[104]
BCL-X	↑	[104]
Heat-shock proteins	↑	[105, 106]
p53	↑	[107]
Ki67	↑	[108, 109]
Ox-LDL	↑	[116]
MDA	↑	[115]
Biomarkers for both psychopathology and psoriasis
CRP	↑	[52–55]
Soluble P-selectin	↑	[58, 59]
TNF-α	↑	[23, 87]
IL-6	↑	[22, 23, 87]