Biomarkers as Key Contributors in Treating Malignant Melanoma Metastases

Table 1

Effects of candidates of oncogenic biomarkers in melanoma progression.

Biomarker	Biological effect(s) associated with biomarker upregulation	Reference
ABCB5	Associated with evasion of antitumor immunity and immunotherapeutic resistance	[31]
BPAG1	Detected as autoantibody in serum of melanoma patients	[32]
BRAF	Mediated melanoma cell resistance to anoikis	[33]
BRG1	Promoted epigenetic changes in extracellular matrix/adhesion gene expression and increased melanoma invasiveness	[34]
CD133 and nestin	Associated with poor prognosis	[35]
DEK	Associated with gain of chromosome 6p, proliferation, and chemoresistance	[36]
DNMT3B	Predicted overall survival in patients with lymph node metastases	[27]
HIF1A	Associated with a prosurvival role	[37]
Integrin α4β1	Required for lymphangiogenesis and metastasis	[38]
JARID1B	Required for continuous tumor growth	[21]
MCL-1	Required for melanoma cells resistance to anoikis	[39]
microRNA-200	Regulated morphological plasticity and determined modes of melanoma cells migration and invasion	[40]
MITF-Mdel	Purposed for diagnosis and followup	[41]
NG2/MPG	Correlated with multidrug resistance	[42]
S100A13	Represented a new angiogenic marker favoring the shift from radial to vertical tumor growth	[43]
TM9SF4	Associated with cannibalism behavior in metastatic lesions	[44]
TSPAN8	Mediated dermal invasion and progression to metastasis	[45]
Vimentin	Predicted hematogenous metastasis	[46]
WNT5A	Mediated melanoma metastasis	[47]