Dermatology Research and Practice
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 528345, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/528345
Review Article
miRNAs and Melanoma: How Are They Connected?
1Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
2Pharmacology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Received 13 May 2011; Accepted 15 June 2011
Academic Editor: Gérald E. Piérard
Copyright © 2012 Adriana Taveira da Cruz and Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- V. N. Kim, J. Han, and M. C. Siomi, “Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals,” Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 126–139, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. He and G. J. Hannon, “MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation,” Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 522–531, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. P. Bartel, “MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function,” Cell, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 281–297, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Volpe and R. A. Martienssen, “RNA interference and heterochromatin assembly,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. In press.
- T. Watanabe, Y. Totoki, A. Toyoda et al., “Endogenous siRNAs from naturally formed dsRNAs regulate transcripts in mouse oocytes,” Nature, vol. 453, no. 7194, pp. 539–543, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Kuramochi-Miyagawa, T. Watanabe, K. Gotoh et al., “DNA methylation of retrotransposon genes is regulated by Piwi family members MILI and MIWI2 in murine fetal testes,” Genes and Development, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 908–917, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Y. Ohnishi, Y. Totoki, A. Toyoda et al., “Small RNA class transition from siRNA/piRNA to miRNA during pre-implantation mouse development,” Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 38, no. 15, pp. 5141–5151, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. C. Lee, R. L. Feinbaum, and V. Ambros, “The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14,” Cell, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 843–854, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Q. Liu and Z. Paroo, “Biochemical principles of small RNA pathways,” Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol. 79, pp. 295–319, 2010. View at Scopus
- D. P. Bartel, “MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions,” Cell, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 215–233, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. P. Lewis, C. B. Burge, and D. P. Bartel, “Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets,” Cell, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 15–20, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Mocellin, S. Pasquali, and P. Pilati, “Oncomirs: from tumor biology to molecularly targeted anticancer strategies,” Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 70–80, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Tsao, V. Goel, H. Wu, G. Yang, and F. G. Haluska, “Genetic interaction between NRAS and BRAF mutations and PTEN/MMAC1 inactivation in melanoma,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 337–341, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. D. Meyle and P. Guldberg, “Genetic risk factors for melanoma,” Human Genetics, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 499–510, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Y. Lin and D. E. Fisher, “Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation,” Nature, vol. 445, no. 7130, pp. 843–850, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- N. F. Box and T. Terzian, “The role of p53 in pigmentation, tanning and melanoma,” Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 525–533, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Nihal, C. T. Roelke, and G. S. Wood, “Anti-melanoma effects of vorinostat in combination with polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG),” Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1103–1114, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. C. Howell, E. Revskaya, V. Pazo, J. D. Nosanchuk, A. Casadevall, and E. Dadachova, “Phage display library derived peptides that bind to human tumor melanin as potential vehicles for targeted radionuclide therapy of metastatic melanoma,” Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1739–1748, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Garbe and T. K. Eigentler, “Diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous melanoma: state of the art 2006,” Melanoma Research, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 117–127, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- V. Gray-Schopfer, C. Wellbrock, and R. Marais, “Melanoma biology and new targeted therapy,” Nature, vol. 445, no. 7130, pp. 851–857, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. M. Howell, S. Liu, S. Ren, C. Behlen, O. Fodstad, and A. I. Riker, “Epigenetics in human melanoma,” Cancer Control, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 200–218, 2009. View at Scopus
- V. Ambros, “The functions of animal microRNAs,” Nature, vol. 431, no. 7006, pp. 350–355, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- T. Kawamata and Y. Tomari, “Making RISC,” Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 368–376, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. M. Borchert, W. Lanier, and B. L. Davidson, “RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs,” Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1097–1101, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. A. Calin, C. Sevignani, C. D. Dumitru et al., “Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 101, no. 9, pp. 2999–3004, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- F. Molognoni, A. T. Cruz, F. M. Meliso et al., “Epigenetic reprogramming as a key contributor to melanocyte malignant transformation,” Epigenetics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 451–465, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. A. Melo, C. Moutinho, S. Ropero et al., “A genetic defect in exportin-5 traps precursor MicroRNAs in the nucleus of cancer cells,” Cancer Cell, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 303–315, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. B. Cowland, C. Hother, and K. GrønbæK, “MicroRNAs and cancer,” Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, vol. 115, no. 10, pp. 1090–1106, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Wang, R. Medvid, C. Melton, R. Jaenisch, and R. Blelloch, “DGCR8 is essential for microRNA biogenesis and silencing of embryonic stem cell self-renewal,” Nature Genetics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 380–385, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. Muralidhar, L. D. Goldstein, G. Ng et al., “Global microRNA profiles in cervical squamous cell carcinoma depend on Drosha expression levels,” Journal of Pathology, vol. 212, no. 4, pp. 368–377, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- N. Sugito, H. Ishiguro, Y. Kuwabara et al., “RNASEN regulates cell proliferation and affects survival in esophageal cancer patients,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 12, no. 24, pp. 7322–7328, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- G. Meister and T. Tuschl, “Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA,” Nature, vol. 431, no. 7006, pp. 343–349, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. Zhang, J. Huang, N. Yang et al., “microRNAs exhibit high frequency genomic alterations in human cancer,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 24, pp. 9136–9141, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. I. Gregory and R. Shiekhattar, “MicroRNA biogenesis and cancer,” Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 3509–3512, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. P. Perron and P. Provost, “Protein components of the microRNA pathway and human diseases,” Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 487, pp. 369–385, 2009. View at Scopus
- E. Berezikov, W. J. Chung, J. Willis, E. Cuppen, and E. C. Lai, “Mammalian mirtron genes,” Molecular Cell, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 328–336, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Levy, M. Khaled, K. C. Robinson et al., “Lineage-specific transcriptional regulation of DICER by MITF in melanocytes,” Cell, vol. 141, no. 6, pp. 994–1005, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Sand, T. Gambichler, D. Sand, P. Altmeyer, M. Stuecker, and F. G. Bechara, “Immunohistochemical expression patterns of the microRNA-processing enzyme Dicer in cutaneous malignant melanomas, benign melanocytic nevi and dysplastic melanocytic nevi,” European Journal of Dermatology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 18–21, 2011.
- A. D. Haase, L. Jaskiewicz, H. Zhang et al., “TRBP, a regulator of cellular PKR and HIV-1 virus expression, interacts with Dicer and functions in RNA silencing,” EMBO Reports, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 961–967, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- Y. Lee, I. Hur, S. Y. Park, Y. K. Kim, R. S. Mi, and V. N. Kim, “The role of PACT in the RNA silencing pathway,” EMBO Journal, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 522–532, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Trabucchi, P. Briata, M. Garcia-Mayoral et al., “The RNA-binding protein KSRP promotes the biogenesis of a subset of microRNAs,” Nature, vol. 459, no. 7249, pp. 1010–1014, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. A. Melo, S. Ropero, C. Moutinho et al., “A TARBP2 mutation in human cancer impairs microRNA processing and DICER1 function,” Nature Genetics, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 365–370, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Benkirane, C. Neuveut, R. F. Chun et al., “Oncogenic potential of TAR RNA binding protein TRBP and its regulatory interaction with RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR,” EMBO Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 611–624, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. Boominathan, “The tumor suppressors p53, p63, and p73 are regulators of microRNA processing complex,” PLoS One, vol. 5, no. 5, Article ID e10615, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- I. Rigoutsos, “New tricks for animal micrornas: targeting of amino acid coding regions at conserved and nonconserved sites,” Cancer Research, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 3245–3248, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. N. Davis-Dusenbery and A. Hata, “Mechanisms of control of microRNA biogenesis,” Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 148, no. 4, pp. 381–392, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- B. D. Adams, K. P. Claffey, and B. A. White, “Argonaute-2 expression is regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and correlates with a transformed phenotype in breast cancer cells,” Endocrinology, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 14–23, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. C. Bennett, “How to make a melanoma: what do we know of the primary clonal events?” Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 27–38, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. J. Miller and M. C. Mihm Jr., “Melanoma,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 355, no. 1, pp. 51–65, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Tang, M. S. Eller, M. Hara, M. Yaar, S. Hirohashi, and B. A. Gilchrest, “E-cadherin is the major mediator of human melanocyte adhesion to keratinocytes in vitro,” Journal of Cell Science, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 983–992, 1994. View at Scopus
- K. Satyamoorthy and M. Herlyn, “Cellular and molecular biology of human melanoma,” Cancer Biology & Therapy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 14–17, 2002. View at Scopus
- N. K. Haass and M. Herlyn, “Normal human melanocyte homeostasis as a paradigm for understanding melanoma,” The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 153–163, 2005. View at Scopus
- D. W. Mueller and A. K. Bosserhoff, “MicroRNA miR-196a controls melanoma-associated genes by regulating HOX-C8 expression,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 1064–1074, 2011.
- M. C. Magli, P. Barba, A. Celetti, G. De Vita, C. Cillo, and E. Boncinelli, “Coordinate regulation of HOX genes in human hematopoietic cells,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 88, no. 14, pp. 6348–6352, 1991. View at Scopus
- S. Yekta, I. H. Shih, and D. P. Bartel, “MicroRNA-directed cleavage of HOXB8 mRNA,” Science, vol. 304, no. 5670, pp. 594–596, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. P. Their, “Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumor progression,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 442–454, 2002. View at Scopus
- S. Brabletz and T. Brabletz, “The ZEB/miR-200 feedback loop-a motor of cellular plasticity in development and cancer?” EMBO Reports, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 670–677, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- U. Burk, J. Schubert, U. Wellner et al., “A reciprocal repression between ZEB1 and members of the miR-200 family promotes EMT and invasion in cancer cells,” EMBO Reports, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 582–589, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. A. Gregory, A. G. Bert, E. L. Paterson et al., “The miR-200 family and miR-205 regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB1 and SIP1,” Nature Cell Biology, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 593–601, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. W. Mueller, M. Rehli, and A. K. Bosserhoff, “miRNA expression profiling in melanocytes and melanoma cell lines reveals miRNAs associated with formation and progression of malignant melanoma,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1740–1751, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Schultz, P. Lorenz, G. Gross, S. Ibrahim, and M. Kunz, “MicroRNA let-7b targets important cell cycle molecules in malignant melanoma cells and interferes with anchorage-independent growth,” Cell Research, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 549–557, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- N. Rosenfeld, R. Aharonov, E. Meiri et al., “MicroRNAs accurately identify cancer tissue origin,” Nature Biotechnology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 462–469, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- I. Elson-Schwab, A. Lorentzen, and C. J. Marshall, “MicroRNA-200 family members differentially regulate morphological plasticity and mode of melanoma cell invasion,” PLoS One, vol. 5, no. 10, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- C. A. Hodgkinson, K. J. Moore, A. Nakayama et al., “Mutations at the mouse microphthalmia locus are associated with defects in a gene encoding a novel basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper protein,” Cell, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 395–404, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. I. Yasumoto, K. Yokoyama, K. Shibata, Y. Tomita, and S. Shibahara, “Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor as a regulator for melanocyte-specific transcription of the human tyrosinase gene,” Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 8058–8070, 1994. View at Scopus
- J. Vachtenheim and J. Borovanský, “"Transcription physiology" of pigment formation in melanocytes: central role of MITF,” Experimental Dermatology, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 617–627, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- L. A. Garraway, H. R. Widlund, M. A. Rubin et al., “Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma,” Nature, vol. 436, no. 7047, pp. 117–122, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. F. Segura, D. Hanniford, S. Menendez et al., “Aberrant miR-182 expression promotes melanoma metastasis by repressing FOXO3 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1814–1819, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. S. Haflidadóttir, K. Bergsteinsdóttir, C. Praetorius, and E. Steingrímsson, “miR-148 regulates Mitf in melanoma cells,” PLoS One, vol. 5, no. 7, Article ID e11574, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- L. T. Bemis, R. Chen, C. M. Amato et al., “MicroRNA-137 targets microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanoma cell lines,” Cancer Research, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 1362–1368, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Bloch, J. Ousingsawat, R. Simon et al., “KCNMA1 gene amplification promotes tumor cell proliferation in human prostate cancer,” Oncogene, vol. 26, no. 17, pp. 2525–2534, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. J. Miller, J. Du, S. Rowan, C. L. Hershey, H. R. Widlund, and D. E. Fisher, “Transcriptional regulation of the melanoma prognostic marker melastatin (TRPM1) by MITF in melanocytes and melanoma,” Cancer Research, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 509–516, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Mazar, K. de Young, D. Khaitan et al., “The regulation of miRNA-211 expression and its role in melanoma cell invasiveness,” PLoS One, vol. 5, no. 11, Article ID e13779, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. Chen, H. E. Feilotter, G. C. Paré et al., “MicroRNA-193b represses cell proliferation and regulates cyclin D1 in melanoma,” American Journal of Pathology, vol. 176, no. 5, pp. 2520–2529, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- D. Philippidou, M. Schmitt, D. Moser et al., “Signatures of MicroRNAs and selected MicroRNA target genes in human melanoma,” Cancer Research, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 4163–4173, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. M. Johnson, H. Grosshans, J. Shingara et al., “RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family,” Cell, vol. 120, no. 5, pp. 635–647, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. E. Peter, “Let-7 and miR-200 microRNAs: guardians against pluripotency and cancer progression,” Cell Cycle, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 843–852, 2009. View at Scopus
- E. R. Sauter, U. C. Yeo, A. Von Stemm et al., “Cyclin D1 is a candidate oncogene in cutaneous melanoma,” Cancer Research, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 3200–3206, 2002. View at Scopus
- A. A. Dar, S. Majid, D. De Semir, M. Nosrati, V. Bezrookove, and M. Kashani-Sabet, “miRNA-205 suppresses melanoma cell proliferation and induces senescence via regulation of E2F1 protein,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 19, pp. 16606–16614, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. Hoekstra, F. A. L. M. Eskens, and J. Verweij, “Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: current developments and future perspectives,” Oncologist, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 415–427, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T.-Y. Fu, C.-C. Chang, C.-T. Lin et al., “Let-7b-mediated suppression of basigin expression and metastasis in mouse melanoma cells,” Experimental Cell Research, vol. 317, no. 4, pp. 445–451, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- C. P. Walsh and T. H. Bestor, “Cytosine methylation and mammalian development,” Genes and Development, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 26–34, 1999. View at Scopus
- J. T. Attwood, R. L. Yung, and B. C. Richardson, “DNA methylation and the regulation of gene transcription,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 241–257, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Siedlecki and P. Zielenkiewicz, “Mammalian DNA methyltransferases,” Acta Biochimica Polonica, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 245–256, 2006. View at Scopus
- E. N. Gal-Yam, Y. Saito, G. Egger, and P. A. Jones, “Cancer epigenetics: modifications, screening, and therapy,” Annual Review of Medicine, vol. 59, pp. 267–280, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. W. Łuczak and P. P. Jagodziński, “The role of DNA methylation in cancer development,” Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 143–154, 2006. View at Scopus
- R. Brown and G. Strathdee, “Epigenomics and epigenetic therapy of cancer,” Trends in Molecular Medicine, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. S43–S48, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Okano, D. W. Bell, D. A. Haber, and E. Li, “DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development,” Cell, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 247–257, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. L. Xu, T. H. Bestor, D. Bourc'his et al., “Chromosome instability and immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in a DNA methyltransferase gene,” Nature, vol. 402, no. 6758, pp. 187–191, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. K. Lin, H. S. Hsu, J. W. Chang, C. Y. Chen, J. T. Chen, and YI. C. Wang, “Alteration of DNA methyltransferases contributes to 5′CpG methylation and poor prognosis in lung cancer,” Lung Cancer, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 205–213, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Braconi, N. Huang, and T. Patel, “Microrna-dependent regulation of DNA methyltransferase-1 and tumor suppressor gene expression by interleukin-6 in human malignant cholangiocytes,” Hepatology, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 881–890, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- F. Meng, Y. Yamagiwa, Y. Ueno, and T. Patel, “Over-expression of interleukin-6 enhances cell survival and transformed cell growth in human malignant cholangiocytes,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1055–1065, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. M. Duursma, M. Kedde, M. Schrier, C. Le Sage, and R. Agami, “miR-148 targets human DNMT3b protein coding region,” RNA, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 872–877, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Fabbri, R. Garzon, A. Cimmino et al., “MicroRNA-29 family reverts aberrant methylation in lung cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferases 3A and 3B,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 40, pp. 15805–15810, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. Han, P. D. Witmer, E. Casey, D. Valle, and S. Sukumar, “DNA methylation regulates microRNA expression,” Cancer Biology and Therapy, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 1284–1288, 2007. View at Scopus
- D. Lodygin, V. Tarasov, A. Epanchintsev et al., “Inactivation of miR-34a by aberrant CpG methylation in multiple types of cancer,” Cell Cycle, vol. 7, no. 16, pp. 2591–2600, 2008. View at Scopus
- X. He, L. He, and G. J. Hannon, “The guardian's little helper: microRNAs in the p53 tumor suppressor network,” Cancer Research, vol. 67, no. 23, pp. 11099–11101, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- B. Brueckner, C. Stresemann, R. Kuner et al., “The human let-7a-3 locus contains an epigenetically regulated microRNA gene with oncogenic function,” Cancer Research, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1419–1423, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. J. Vidwans, K. T. Flaherty, D. E. Fisher, J. M. Tenenbaum, M. D. Travers, and J. Shrager, “A melanoma molecular disease model,” PLoS One, vol. 6, no. 3, Article ID e18257, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- V. A. Krutovskikh and Z. Herceg, “Oncogenic microRNAs (OncomiRs) as a new class of cancer biomarkers,” BioEssays, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 894–904, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- P. S. Mitchell, R. K. Parkin, E. M. Kroh et al., “Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 30, pp. 10513–10518, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Osaki, F. Takeshita, and T. Ochiya, “MicroRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic drugs in human cancer,” Biomarkers, vol. 13, no. 7-8, pp. 658–670, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. M. B. Holst, B. Kaczkowski, M. Glud, E. Futoma-Kazmierczak, L. F. Hansen, and R. Gniadecki, “The microRNA molecular signature of atypic and common acquired melanocytic nevi: differential expression of miR-125b and let-7c,” Experimental Dermatology, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 278–280, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. Scatolini, M. M. Grand, E. Grosso et al., “Altered molecular pathways in melanocytic lesions,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 126, no. 8, pp. 1869–1881, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. Glud, M. Rossing, C. Hother et al., “Downregulation of miR-125b in metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma,” Melanoma Research, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 479–484, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- F. Felicetti, M. C. Errico, L. Bottero et al., “The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-microRNA-221/-222 pathway controls melanoma progression through multiple oncogenic mechanisms,” Cancer Research, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 2745–2754, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- H. Kanemaru, S. Fukushima, J. Yamashita et al., “The circulating microRNA-221 level in patients with malignant melanoma as a new tumor marker,” Journal of Dermatological Science, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 187–193, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. A. Ciafrè, S. Galardi, A. Mangiola et al., “Extensive modulation of a set of microRNAs in primary glioblastoma,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 334, no. 4, pp. 1351–1358, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Z. Zhang, L. Han, A. L. Zhang et al., “MicroRNA-221 and microRNA-222 regulate gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and radioresistance by targeting PTEN,” BMC Cancer, vol. 10, p. 367, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Huynh, M. F. Segura, A. Gaziel-Sovran et al., “Efficient in vivo microRNA targeting of liver metastasis,” Oncogene, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1481–1488, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed