The Prevalence and Determinants of Hand and Face Dermatitis during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-Based Survey

Table 2

Factors leading to skin conditions on hands during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 821).

Variables	Total n = 2354 (%)	Skin conditions on hand (n = 821)
		Yes (%)	value
Handwashing habit changed
Yes	2090 (88.7)	46 (17.3)	<0.001
No	266 (11.3)	775 (37.1)
Handwashing
≤10 times	1338 (56.8)	382 (38.6)	<0.001
>10 times	1018 (43.2)	439 (43.1)
Washing time
<1 min	1617 (68.6)	535 (33.1)	0.030
1–2 min	646 (27.4)	250 (38.7)
>2 min	93 (3.9)	36 (38.7)
Handwashing water
Luke warm	1945 (82.6)	693 (35.6)	0.003
Cold	231 (9.8)	58 (25.1)
Hot	180 (7.6)	70 (38.9)
Type of soap
Regular	1257 (53.4)	428 (34.0)	0.385
Antiseptic	1099 (46.6)	393 (35.8)
Perfumed soap
Yes	1226 (52.0)	431 (35.2)	0.744
No	1130 (48.0)	390 (34.5)
Type of soap
Solid	353 (15.0)	116 (32.9)	0.396
Liquid	2003 (85.0)	705 (35.2)
Changed in hand sanitizer habit
Yes	2064 (87.6)	750 (36.3)	<0.001
No	292 (12.4)	71 (24.3)
Hand sanitizer per day
≤ 10 times	1864 (79.1)	628 (33.7)	0.022
>10 times	492 (20.9)	193 (39.2)
Alcohol concentration
<60%	191 (8.1)	77 (40.3)	<0.001
>60%	503 (21.3)	232 (46.1)
Do not know	1662 (70.5)	512 (30.8)
Perfumed sanitizer
Yes	554 (23.5)	187 (33.8)	0.537
No	1802 (76.5)	634 (35.2)
Sanitizing when getting in contact
Yes	1593 (67.6)	602 (37.8)	<0.001
No	763 (32.4)	219 (28.7)
Every one or two hours
Yes	495 (21.0)	202 (40.8)	0.002
No	1861 (79.0)	619 (33.3)
After coming from outside
Yes	1473 (62.5)	536 (36.4)	0.043
No	883 (37.5)	285 (32.3)
Before and after eating
Yes	1143 (48.5)	442 (38.7)	<0.001
No	1213 (51.5)	379 (31.2)
Hand gloves/day
Do not wear	1093 (46.4)	351 (32.1)	0.010
>1 pair	1263 (53.6)	470 (37.2)
Stopped using gloves
Yes	254 (10.8)	149 (58.7)	<0.001
No/do not know	2102 (89.2)	672 (32.0)
Had hand eczema
Yes	355 (15.1)	198 (55.8)	<0.001
No	2001 (84.9)	623 (31.1)
Household work
≤2 hours/week	1502 (63.8)	499 (33.2)	0.028
>2 hours	854 (36.2)	322 (37.7)