Depression with and without Comorbid Substance Dependence in a Child Welfare Sample of Young Adults
Table 1
Associations between baseline youth and caregiver characteristics and subsequent depression ().
Total sample
Depression
()
()
Depression
No
Depression
+ substance
depression
Depression
only
dependence
()
()
()
()
Youth demographic characteristics
Age in years at baseline (range 11–15)
Mean (SE)
12.80 (0.08)
12.92 (0.14)
12.85 (0.16)
13.21 (0.32)
Female (%)
54.33
69.75
71.56
61.72
Race/ethnicity (%)
White
49.23
53.27
49.56
68.96
Black
30.83
18.17
19.81
Hispanic
13.91
17.13
17.77
14.44
Other
6.04
11.43
12.86
5.37
Initial type of maltreatment (%)
Physical abuse
43.6
35.2
32.43
45.6
Sexual abuse
11.54
14.42
12.06
23.3
Emotional abuse
14.38
14.08
15.14
10.09
Physical neglect
17.85
23.05
25.75
12.93
Neglect
36.46
41.17
43.54
32.25
Out-of-home placement
At baseline (%)
12.07
13.94
11.75
23.69
Ever (baseline to W5) (%)
16.25
22.16
20.14
30.37
If ever had OOH placement:
Mean no. placements (SE)
2.75 (0.16)
2.80 (0.41)
3.18 (0.50)
1.78 (0.34)
Range
1–11
1–18
1–18
1–7
Caregiver characteristics at baseline
Substance use problem (%)
15.52
9.48
10.96
Depression/MH problem (%)
37.02
38.4
41.37
25.13
Youth substance use and depressive symptoms
Substance use at baseline (% who reported 20+ days in past 30 days)
Alcohol
0.14
0.12
Tobacco
8.06
14.08
12.12
22.56
Marijuana
1.09
4.52
0.67
Inhalants
0.19
0.001
Hard drugs
0.13
0
Nonmedical use of Rx
0.11
0
Mean no. substances used (SE)
0.09 (0.02)
0.32 (0.20)
0.12 (0.05)
1.20 (0.91)
FSU at baseline (%)
7.91
14.34
12.36
23.13
Clinically significant depressive sx at baseline (%)
9.46
29.48
19.29
Abbreviations: SUD: substance use disorder; Rx: prescription; FSU: frequent substance use; sx: symptoms. . Depression with and without substance dependence.
