Predicting Depression with Psychopathology and Temperament Traits: The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort
Table 2
Mean and standard deviation (SD) of psychological scales in the 31-year followup (in 1997) for those with self-report or previous hospitalisation due to depression, other psychiatric disorders, and for those without psychiatric disorders.
(A) Depression until 1997
(B) Other psychiatric disorders
(C) No psychiatric disorders
Effect sizes (Cohen’s d)
until 1997
until 1997
(A) versus (B)
(A) versus (C)
(B) versus (C)
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
F (d)
F (d)
F (d)
Psychopathology scales:
Physical Anhedonia Scale (PAS)
202
14.68
8.19
149
16.34
7.86
4572
15.02
6.97
0.74 (−0.21)
0.49 (−0.05)
5.24* (0.19)
Social Anhedonia Scale (SAS)
200
11.60
6.78
146
11.99
6.75
4569
9.33
5.43
0.00 (−0.06)
48.43*** (0.41)
31.54*** (0.49)
Perceptual Aberration Scale (PER)
202
5.09
5.64
147
4.29
5.85
4568
2.24
3.04
3.86 (0.14)
149.00*** (0.90)
34.05*** (0.65)
Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS)
201
15.11
7.44
147
15.07
8.78
4571
11.07
6.92
0.26 (0.01)
60.89*** (0.58)
29.44*** (0.57)
Bipolar II Scale (BIP2)
202
12.99
4.46
148
12.91
4.39
4577
10.47
3.73
0.57 (0.02)
88.75*** (0.67)
42.63*** (0.65)
Schizoidia Scale (SCHD)
202
3.51
1.61
147
3.31
1.56
4578
2.51
1.39
1.21 (0.13)
89.90*** (0.72)
39.89*** (0.57)
SCL-Depression (SCL-D)
202
1.78
0.58
144
1.66
0.56
4571
1.33
0.33
4.54* (0.20)
310.90*** (1.29)
92.19*** (0.97)
Temperament dimensions:
novelty seeking (TCI-NS)
200
21.29
5.82
145
21.84
6.13
4534
20.34
5.86
0.83 (−0.09)
3.62 (0.16)
6.91** (0.26)
harm avoidance (TCI-HA)
200
18.09
7.36
145
17.21
6.64
4534
13.82
6.00
0.94 (0.12)
86.49*** (0.70)
42.03*** (0.56)
reward dependence (TCI-RD)
200
14.95
3.95
145
14.30
3.89
4534
14.74
3.78
0.23 (0.16)
0.31 (0.05)
1.40 (−0.12)
persistence (TCI-P)
200
4.28
1.86
145
4.09
1.89
4534
4.31
1.74
0.66 (0.10)
0.02 (−0.02)
2.76 (−0.12)
TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory. Mean values in categories are compared using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with diagnostic group and gender as independent variables. Statistical significant effect sizes are marked with asterisks as follows: *, **, and ***.
