Predicting Depression with Psychopathology and Temperament Traits: The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort
Table 3
Mean and standard deviation (SD) of psychological scales in the 31-year followup (in 1997) for those with hospitalisation of depression or other psychiatric disorders and for those without hospitalization due to psychiatric disorders in 1998–2010.
(A) Depression in 1998–2010
(B) Other psychiatric disorders
(C) No psychiatric disorders
Effect sizes (Cohen’s d)
in 1998–2010
until 2010
(A) versus (B)
(A) versus (C)
(B) versus (C)
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
F (d)
F (d)
F (d)
Psychopathology scales:
Physical Anhedonia Scale (PAS)
51
15.88
6.08
57
18.07
7.24
4464
14.97
6.97
1.77 (−0.33)
0.43 (0.13)
6.16* (0.44)
Social Anhedonia Scale (SAS)
51
11.69
5.82
57
11.98
6.78
4461
9.27
5.39
0.00 (−0.05)
9.37** (0.45)
9.75** (0.50)
Perceptual Aberration Scale (PER)
51
2.96
2.75
57
2.95
3.45
4460
2.22
3.04
0.04 (0.00)
3.30 (0.24)
4.12* (0.24)
Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS)
51
12.37
6.65
57
12.32
8.19
4463
11.04
6.91
0.00 (0.01)
2.10 (0.19)
2.62 (0.18)
Bipolar II Scale (BIP2)
51
12.37
3.56
57
11.68
4.50
4469
10.44
3.71
0.81 (0.17)
13.49*** (0.52)
5.75* (0.33)
Schizoidia Scale (SCHD)
51
3.14
1.66
57
2.65
1.62
4470
2.50
1.38
1.97 (0.30)
12.09*** (0.46)
1.77 (0.11)
SCL-Depression (SCL-D)
51
1.49
0.46
55
1.45
0.41
4465
1.33
0.33
2.38 (0.09)
12.46*** (0.48)
9.22** (0.36)
Temperament dimensions:
novelty seeking (TCI-NS)
51
19.78
6.20
57
21.68
5.75
4426
20.33
5.86
3.30 (−0.32)
0.33 (−0.09)
4.08* (0.23)
harm avoidance (TCI-HA)
51
16.96
6.28
57
15.02
7.68
4426
13.77
5.96
1.44 (0.28)
16.11*** (0.54)
4.29* (0.21)
reward dependence (TCI-RD)
51
14.24
3.99
57
13.68
3.51
4426
14.76
3.78
0.22 (0.15)
0.52 (−0.14)
1.46 (−0.29)
persistence (TCI-P)
51
4.53
1.76
57
4.07
1.93
4426
4.31
1.73
1.86 (0.25)
0.65 (0.13)
1.91 (−0.14)
TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory. Mean values in categories are compared to using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with diagnostic group and gender as independent variables. Statistical significant effect sizes are marked with asterisks as follows: , **, and ***.
