Prospective Associations between Religiousness/Spirituality and Depression and Mediating Effects of Forgiveness in a Nationally Representative Sample of United States Adults
Table 2
Means/proportions, standard deviations/ranges, and bivariate correlations for all study variables.
(a)
Dep T2
Dep T1
Fem
Age
Blk
Hsp
Ed
Inc
Depression time 1
.41
***
1.00
Sex (female = 1)
.05
.09
**
1.00
Age
−.08
*
−.10
**
.04
1.00
Black (other = 0)
.02
−.03
−.03
−.10
**
1.00
Hispanic (other = 0)
.10
**
.00
.09
**
−.14
***
−.07
1.00
Years of education
−.03
−.01
−.06
−.11
**
−.09
**
−.07
*
1.00
Income
−.12
***
−.07
−.16
***
−.11
**
−.14
***
−.10
**
.46
***
1.00
Separated/divorced (other = 0)
.04
.02
−.05
.06
.05
.01
−.09
**
−.14
***
Widowed (other = 0)
−.01
−.04
.16
***
.37
***
.01
−.05
−.22
***
−.28
***
Never married (other = 0)
.05
.01
−.07
*
−.41
***
.21
***
−.02
.03
−.12
***
Religiousness/spirituality
−.09
*
−.12
***
.14
***
.17
***
.01
−.05
.01
−.04
Forgiven oneself
−.25
***
−.28
***
.05
.00
−.12
***
.02
.22
***
.23
***
Forgiven others
−.25
***
−.30
***
.10
**
.13
***
−.08
*
−.04
.04
.03
Forgiven by God
−.09
**
−.08
*
.14
***
.07
*
.06
−.02
−.11
**
−.06
Seek forgiveness
−.04
−.04
.27
***
−.02
.15
***
−.02
−.09
**
−.16
***
Mean/proportion
.11
.12
.55
45.90
.10
.06
14.03
8.02
SD/range
0-1
0-1
0-1
16.11
0-1
0-1
2.49
3.60
(b)
Sep/Div
Wid
Nvr Mar
Rel/Sp
FS
FO
FG
SF
Separated/divorced (other = 0)
1.00
Widowed (other = 0)
−.11
**
1.00
Never married (other = 0)
−.20
***
−.14
***
1.00
Religiousness/spirituality
−.01
.09
*
−.14
***
1.00
Forgiven oneself
−.07
*
−.07
*
−.08
*
.07
*
1.00
Forgiven others
−.02
.08
*
−.13
***
.32
***
.39
***
1.00
Forgiven by God
.06
.07
*
−.14
***
.39
***
.10
**
.26
***
1.00
Seek forgiveness
.02
.02
−.03
.57
***
.02
.32
***
.38
***
1.00
Mean/proportion
.15
.07
.19
5.28
4.03
4.03
4.70
3.87
SD/range
0-1
0-1
0-1
1.76
1.15
.74
.66
.99
. Listwise . Dep = depression, Fem = female, Blk = black, Hsp = Hispanic, Ed = years of education, Inc = household income, Sep/Div = separated/divorced, Wid = widowed, Nvr Mar = never married, FS = forgiven self, FO = forgiven others, FG = forgiven by God, and SF = seek forgiveness. Values in the “mean/proportion” row represent means for continuous variables and proportions for dichotomous variables; likewise, values in the “SD/Range” row represent standard deviations for continuous variables and range of possible values for dichotomous variables.
