Prospective Associations between Religiousness/Spirituality and Depression and Mediating Effects of Forgiveness in a Nationally Representative Sample of United States Adults

Table 3

Unstandardized logistic regression coefficients, standard errors, and odds ratios for the association of time 1 depression, sociodemographics, religiousness/spirituality, and Forgiveness Predicting Time 2 Depression.

	Model 1				Model 2				Model 3				Model 4
	B	S.E.	OR		B	S.E.	OR		B	S.E.	OR		B	S.E.	OR
Depression time 1
Depressed	2.52	.26	12.46	***	2.54	.28	12.70	***	2.50	.28	12.21	***	2.07	.30	7.91	***
Not depressed (referent)	—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Sex
Female					−.01	.28	.99		.02	.28	1.02		.22	.30	1.24
Male (referent)					—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Age					−.01	.01	.99		−.01	.01	.99		−.01	.01	.99
Race ethnicity
Black					.25	.41	1.28		.26	.42	1.29		.17	.42	1.19
Hispanic					1.28	.54	3.61	*	1.26	.54	3.54	*	1.36	.55	3.90	**
White (referent)					—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Years of education					.05	.06	1.05		.05	.06	1.05		.09	.07	1.10
Income					−.09	.04	.92	*	−.09	.04	.92	*	−.06	.05	.94
Marital status
Separated/divorced					.39	.37	1.48		.37	.37	1.45		.39	.39	1.48
Widowed					.28	.59	1.32		.28	.59	1.32		.35	.62	1.42
Married (referent)					—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Never married					.24	.37	1.27		.18	.38	1.20		.16	.39	1.17
Religiousness/spirituality									−.06	.08	.94		−.01	.10	.99
Forgiveness of oneself													−.32	.12	.72	**
Forgiveness of others													−.39	.20	.68	*
Forgiveness by God													−.21	.20	.81
Seeking forgiveness													.09	.20	1.09

^∗𝑃<.05,^∗∗𝑃<.01,^∗∗∗𝑃<.001; listwise 𝑁=966; model 1 pseudo 𝑅²=.22, model 2 pseudo 𝑅²=.26, model 3 pseudo 𝑅²=.26, model 4 pseudo 𝑅²=.31.