Mental Health Outcomes in US Children and Adolescents Born Prematurely or with Low Birthweight

Table 4

Weighted prevalence of selected mental-health-related conditions among US children aged 2–17 years by perinatal and sociodemographic characteristics: the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children’s Health (𝑁 = 84,685).

Sociodemographic characteristics	Autism spectrum disorder			ADD/ADHD			Developmental delay			Learning disability			Intellectual disability/mental retardation
	%	SE	𝑃 value	%	SE	𝑃 value	%	SE	𝑃 value	%	SE	𝑃 value	%	SE	𝑃 value
Child born prematurely			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Premature	3.57	0.46		10.51	0.63		8.29	0.58		13.86	0.76		2.35	0.29
Not premature	1.67	0.11		7.44	0.22		2.91	0.13		7.18	0.22		0.87	0.08
Child’s birthweight			0.053			0.201			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Low birthweight	2.67	0.42		8.52	0.60		7.53	0.60		12.84	0.81		2.25	0.34
Very low birthweight	4.50	1.75		10.90	1.81		14.56	1.99		18.16	2.38		3.93	1.39
Moderately low birthweight	2.28	0.34		8.01	0.62		6.02	0.59		11.68	0.85		1.89	0.29
Normal birthweight	1.83	0.12		7.72	0.22		3.06	0.14		7.37	0.22		0.89	0.08
Child’s age (years)			0.095			<0.001			0.002			<0.001			<0.001
2–5	1.49	0.22		1.49	0.16		3.97	0.31		3.30	0.30		0.47	0.08
6–11	2.14	0.19		9.19	0.37		3.87	0.23		8.16	0.35		1.11	0.14
12–17	1.86	0.15		10.69	0.37		2.99	0.19		10.20	0.36		1.38	0.15
Child's sex			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Male	3.04	0.20		10.73	0.33		4.63	0.21		10.04	0.32		1.33	0.13
Female	0.69	0.08		4.91	0.24		2.43	0.16		5.87	0.27		0.78	0.09
Race/ethnicity			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			0.006
Hispanic	1.57	0.31		4.83	0.46		2.69	0.32		7.19	0.55		0.94	0.23
Non-Hispanic white	2.23	0.13		9.45	0.29		3.77	0.17		8.30	0.27		1.08	0.1
Non-Hispanic black	1.46	0.25		8.73	0.60		4.53	0.44		9.62	0.63		1.39	0.22
Non-Hispanic mixed race	2.55	0.41		9.53	0.8		3.99	0.48		8.73	0.77		1.25	0.28
Other	1.01	0.18		3.91	0.41		2.73	0.35		5.16	0.52		0.58	0.13
Household composition			0.459			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			0.009
Two-parent biological	1.80	0.12		5.76	0.22		3.10	0.16		6.45	0.23		0.84	0.09
Two-parent stepfamily	1.99	0.44		13.77	0.95		3.64	0.40		9.40	0.78		1.09	0.21
Single mother	2.21	0.24		10.85	0.54		4.48	0.32		11.17	0.57		1.38	0.19
Other family type	1.78	0.48		10.46	0.72		4.83	0.59		10.64	0.86		1.98	0.49
Place of residence			<0.001			0.005			0.919			0.398			0.607
Metropolitan	2.00	0.13		7.69	0.23		3.55	0.15		7.97	0.24		1.06	0.09
Non-metropolitan	1.55	0.16		9.22	0.45		3.61	0.27		8.43	0.45		1.10	0.14
Highest household/parental education (years)			<0.001			<0.001			0.003			<0.001			0.007
<12	1.10	0.29		6.31	0.58		3.20	0.43		9.8	0.82		1.53	0.35
12	1.36	0.16		9.87	0.53		3.95	0.30		10.65	0.57		1.26	0.17
13–15	2.22	0.26		9.13	0.44		4.35	0.33		9.36	0.47		1.20	0.20
16+	2.28	0.18		6.88	0.29		3.03	0.17		5.69	0.24		0.75	0.08
Household poverty status			0.038			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Below 100%	1.45	0.16		9.47	0.51		4.64	0.33		12.12	0.61		1.53	0.21
100–199%	1.91	0.22		8.31	0.46		3.91	0.28		7.89	0.43		1.08	0.15
200–399%	2.31	0.26		7.47	0.39		3.43	0.29		7.42	0.42		1.04	0.19
At or above 400%	1.80	0.16		6.74	0.33		2.55	0.19		5.55	0.27		0.69	0.08

𝑃 values associated with chi-square tests for independence between each covariate and mental health outcome.