Mental Health Outcomes in US Children and Adolescents Born Prematurely or with Low Birthweight
Table 6
Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals for selected mental-health-related conditions among US children aged 2–17 years by perinatal and sociodemographic characteristics: the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children’s Health ( = 84,685).
Sociodemographic characteristics
Autism spectrum disorder
ADD/ADHD
Developmental delay
Learning disability
Intellectual disability/ mental retardation
AOR
95% CI
AOR
95% CI
AOR
95% CI
AOR
95% CI
AOR
95% CI
Child born prematurely
Premature
2.26
1.69–3.03
1.49
1.29–1.73
2.92
2.44–3.49
2.13
1.84–2.46
2.74
2.02–3.73
Not premature1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Child's birthweight
Low birthweight
1.80
1.28–2.53
1.23
1.04–1.46
2.64
2.18–3.20
1.95
1.66–2.30
2.62
1.84–3.72
Very low birthweight
3.16
1.42–7.04
1.67
1.13–2.47
5.43
3.93–7.50
2.88
2.04–4.06
4.40
2.07–9.36
Moderately low birthweight
1.53
1.10–2.11
1.14
0.95–1.37
2.09
1.67–2.62
1.76
1.47–2.11
2.23
1.58–3.15
Normal birthweight1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Child's age (years)
2–51
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
6–11
1.49
1.05–2.12
6.59
5.20–8.35
0.98
0.80–1.20
2.67
2.17–3.29
2.38
1.57–3.59
12–17
1.30
0.93–1.83
7.49
5.92–9.48
0.75
0.60–0.92
3.46
2.82–4.23
2.97
1.97–4.48
Child's sex
Male
4.49
3.48–5.80
2.43
2.15–2.75
1.96
1.66–2.30
1.82
1.61–2.05
1.70
1.25–2.31
Female1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Hispanic
0.85
0.53–1.36
0.42
0.33–0.54
0.60
0.44–0.81
0.65
0.53–0.80
0.65
0.36–1.19
Non-Hispanic black
0.61
0.41–0.92
0.64
0.53–0.77
0.90
0.71–1.15
0.80
0.67–0.94
0.87
0.60–1.26
Non-Hispanic mixed race
1.07
0.75–1.55
0.91
0.74–1.11
0.89
0.68–1.17
0.93
0.76–1.15
1.00
0.61–1.64
Other
0.60
0.40–0.89
0.33
0.25–0.43
0.60
0.43–0.83
0.54
0.41–0.71
0.41
0.23–0.76
Household composition
Two-parent biological1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Two-parent stepfamily
1.16
0.71–1.89
1.99
1.65–2.39
1.11
0.87–1.42
1.13
0.92–1.39
0.99
0.64–1.55
Single mother
1.53
1.15–2.04
1.79
1.54–2.08
1.23
1.00–1.51
1.36
1.17–1.58
1.19
0.78–1.83
Other family type
1.21
0.67–2.18
1.66
1.39–1.99
1.52
1.12–2.08
1.40
1.13–1.74
1.79
0.91–3.52
Place of residence
Metropolitan
1.43
1.13–1.83
1.02
0.90–1.16
1.16
0.97–1.38
1.17
1.02–1.33
1.17
0.86–1.58
Non-metropolitan1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Highest household/parental education (years)
<12
0.44
0.24–0.81
0.81
0.62–1.06
0.81
0.58–1.15
1.35
1.07–1.72
1.59
0.90–2.81
12
0.52
0.38–0.71
1.17
0.98–1.38
0.97
0.77–1.21
1.53
1.28–1.84
1.30
0.87–1.96
13–15
0.86
0.63–1.18
1.11
0.95–1.30
1.16
0.93–1.45
1.44
1.22–1.68
1.32
0.84–2.06
16+1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Household poverty status
Below 100%
1.19
0.79–1.77
1.68
1.38–2.05
2.00
1.54–2.61
2.04
1.68–2.48
1.93
1.16–3.22
100–199%
1.41
1.01–1.97
1.27
1.06–1.52
1.59
1.24–2.03
1.24
1.04–1.48
1.37
0.90–2.07
200–399%
1.50
1.11–2.01
1.08
0.92–1.28
1.33
1.06–1.68
1.27
1.08–1.50
1.43
0.95–2.15
At or above 400%1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
The effects of prematurity and birthweight were estimated by separate logistic regression models that controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, household composition, place of residence, and household education and income levels. 1Reference group.