The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Paternal Depression from the Antenatal to the Postpartum Period and the Relationships between Antenatal and Postpartum Depression among Fathers in Hong Kong

Table 1

Sample characteristics and attrition analysis of expectant fathers with comparison between fathers who completed both antenatal time points and fathers who dropped out in late pregnancy.

	Participants who; dropped out; at 36 weeks of; gestation; (𝑛=285)		Participant; who completed; both antenatal time points; (𝑛=337)
Significance level at Bonferroni correction: 0.05/5 = 0.01
Demographic risk factors
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age	(18)
	33.86	5.04	34.47	5.34	𝑡(602)=−1.45; 𝑃=.15
	𝑁	%	𝑁	%
Marital status	(3)
Married/cohabitating	281	45.18	331	53.22	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=619)=.026, 𝑃=.87
Divorce/single	3	0.48	4	0.64
Parity	(15)
Primigravida	191	30.71	220	35.37	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=607)=.52,; 𝑃=.47
Multigravida	85	13.67	111	17.85
Education level	(2)
Secondary or below	128	20.58	132	21.22	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=620)=2.12,; 𝑃=.15
Tertiary or above	156	25.08	204	32.80
Family income	(20)
<20000	46	7.40	57	9.16	𝜒^2(2,𝑁=602)=.58,; 𝑃=.75
20000–30000	73	11.74	77	12.38
>30000	158	25.40	191	30.71
Significance level at Bonferroni correction: 0.05/5 = 0.01
Psychosocial risk factors
	𝑁	%	𝑁	%
Planned/unplanned pregnancy	(7)
Planned pregnancy	219	35.21	276	44.37	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=615)=1.69,; 𝑃=.19
Unplanned pregnancy	61	9.81	59	9.49
Marital dissatisfaction	(12)
Marital distress	42	6.75	45	7.23	𝜒^2(1,𝑁=610)=.34,; 𝑃=.56
Marital satisfied	235	37.78	288	46.30
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Self-esteem	(24)
	20.71	4.60	21.43	4.50	𝑡(598)=−1.95; 𝑃=.052
Social-support	(14)
	61.77	14.77	63.48	13.65	𝑡(608)=−1.49,; 𝑃=.14
Work-family conflict	(39)
	30.63	11.90	30.36	11.70	𝑡(583)=−1.95,; 𝑃=.052
Significance level at Bonferroni correction: 0.05/7 = 0.007
Baseline main outcome variables
Mental health problems	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Depression	(41)
	5.32	3.59	5.12	3.59	𝑡(581)=.67,; 𝑃=.50