Common Mental Disorder and Associated Factors among Women Attending Antenatal Care Follow-Up in North Wollo Public Health Facilities, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Addisu, Amanuel; Kumsa, Henok; Adane, Seteamlak; Diress, Gedefaw; Tesfaye, Aragaw; Arage, Mulugeta Wodaje; Mekuria, Kendie; Moges, Solomon; Bantie, Getasew Mulat; Melese, Amare Alemu; Tenaw, Lebeza Alemu

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8828975

Depression Research and Treatment

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Abstract Introduction Methods Discussion Conclusion Abbreviations Data Availability Ethical Approval Consent Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2024 | Article ID 8828975 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8828975

Common Mental Disorder and Associated Factors among Women Attending Antenatal Care Follow-Up in North Wollo Public Health Facilities, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Amanuel Addisu,¹Henok Kumsa,²Seteamlak Adane,³Gedefaw Diress,⁴Aragaw Tesfaye,⁵Mulugeta Wodaje Arage,²Kendie Mekuria,⁶Solomon Moges,⁶Getasew Mulat Bantie,⁷Amare Alemu Melese,⁸and Lebeza Alemu Tenaw³

Academic Editor: Janusz K. Rybakowski

Received28 Nov 2022

Revised04 May 2023

Accepted07 Mar 2024

Published21 Mar 2024

Abstract

Introduction. Common mental health disorders (CMD) during pregnancy are a public health concern because of the implications for the mother and infant’s health during pregnancy and after birth. The prevalence and factors related to common mental disorders vary globally. Therefore, this study assessed the magnitude and factors associated with common mental disorder among pregnant women attending ANC follow-up in North Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted in North Wollo, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 777 study participants. The common mental disorder was assessed by using SRQ-20. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify the independent variables associated with common mental disorders. Independent variables with a value less than 0.05 were considered significantly associated with CMD. Results. The magnitude of CMD was 18.1% (95% CI: 15.5, 21.0). Factors significantly associated with CMD were the educational level of participants (, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.48), husband’s educational status (, 95%: 4.18, 29.66), unplanned pregnancy (, 95% CI: 1.26, 5.09), self-reported complication on the current pregnancy (, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.21), self-reported complication during the previous delivery (, 95% CI: 1.39, 8.18), undernutrition (, 95%: 1.26, 3.81), high psychosocial risk (, 95% CI: 9.69, 43.59), having a legal issue (, 95%: 1.12, 3.79), and relationship problem (, 95% CI: 3.59, 14.53). Conclusions and Recommendation. One in five pregnant women has common mental disorder. Educational status of the participants and their spouses, unplanned pregnancy, self-reported complication during current and previous pregnancy, psychosocial risk, and legal and relationship problems were the main determinants of common mental disorders. Therefore, screening pregnant women for mental disorders and provision of necessary mental health services are recommended to minimize the adverse health outcome of CMD during pregnancy.

1. Introduction

Mental disorders are the major public health concerns during pregnancy, affecting the mother and child [1]. Globally, approximately 10% of pregnant women experience a mental disorder, with around 12% of women experiencing depression and 13% experiencing anxiety, and sometimes, women may experience both [2].

Common mental disorder (CMD) is a general term for mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and medically unexplained physical symptoms [3]. Common mental disorder is also often reported in low-middle-income countries (LMICs), from particularly women. The burden is higher in LMICs as CMD ranges from 12 to 43% during pregnancy and 19.8% after they gave birth in LMICs [4–6]. However, CMD in LMICs is an underestimated public health problem causing a significant contribution to maternal and infant morbidity and mortality [7].

The presence of CMD at the time of pregnancy could cause a decrease in seeking antenatal services, which may increase the chance of complicated delivery and poor child health outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, increased neonatal and infant mortality, and postnatal psychosis which lead to subsequent behavioral, emotional, and cognitive problems [1, 8–10]. Additionally, CMD during pregnancy has been associated with substance abuse and elevated maternal cortisol, which are predictors of adverse neonatal outcomes, impaired cognitive development, and future behavioral problems [11, 12]. Furthermore, poor maternal mental health is associated with negative social, economic, and psychological consequences for the individuals, their children, their families, and the community [13].

Factors associated with CMD among pregnant women in LMICs include being illiterate; being single, widowed, divorced, or separated; having an unsupportive partner; physical violence; verbal abuse; alcohol use; having more than three children; having HIV/AIDS; and death of a loved one [14–17]. Additionally, studies revealed that factors such as unplanned pregnancy, gestational age and bleeding, presence of other medical problems before conception, absence of support, and low socioeconomic status were associated with antenatal CMD [18–20].

Ethiopia is one of the LMICs with increased rates of mental health problems and antenatal CMD ranging from 9.2 to 35.8% [18, 21]. There is a scarcity of studies done at different health facilities in Ethiopia as the previous studies focused on assessing CMD in a single institution which may only address some women seeking antenatal services from the health center to the hospital level. The vast implications of antepartum mental health issues make a public health concern. Interventions to improve maternal mental health during pregnancy are important in preventive strategies against adverse health and developmental outcomes in newborns and children. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the magnitude and associated factors among pregnant women attending an ANC visit in North Wollo Zone public health facilities, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Area

This study was conducted in North Wollo Zone, 521 km away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. It has sixty-eight health centers and six hospitals. According to the North Wollo Zone administration office 2020 report, around twenty-four percent of the population was women of childbearing age [22].

2.2. Study Design

An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted in North Wollo Zone public health facilities, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia.

2.3. Source Population and Study Population

All pregnant women attending ANC visits in the North Wollo Zone health facilities, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia, were the source population. The study population was pregnant women attending ANC visits in selected North Wollo Zone public health facilities, Amhara Region, Northeast Ethiopia.

2.4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

All pregnant women at any gestational age who are attending ANC visits were included in the study, while those pregnant women who come for medical treatment including trauma were excluded.

2.5. Sample Size Determination

The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula considering the prevalence of antenatal CMD (35.8%) [21], level of significance (95%) (), absolute precision or margin of error (5%), design effect of two, and nonresponse rate (5%); the final sample size became 777.

2.6. Sampling Method

A multistage sampling technique was employed to select study participants. From 68 health centers and six hospitals, 22 health centers and two hospitals were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The final sample was allocated proportionally to the selected public health institution based on the average number of ANC follow-ups. Then, systematic random sampling was employed to select pregnant women who are attending their antenatal visits in the selected public health facilities.

2.7. Study Variables and Measurements

2.7.1. Dependent Variable

Antenatal common mental disorder was assessed using the interviewer-administered self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20). The self-reporting questionnaire is a 20-item questionnaire consisting of 20 yes/no questions about the experience of depressive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms in the last 30 days. The reliability and validity of SRQ-20 have been established in Ethiopia [23]. Those who responded “yes” six and above to the twenty questions were categorized as having antenatal CMD [24, 25].

2.7.2. Independent Variables

(a)Sociodemographic status variables were age, residence, marital status, educational status, and occupational status(b)Obstetric history variables were gravidity, parity, gestational age, history of previous pregnancy complications, current pregnancy complications, the total number of live births, history of stillbirth, and history of abortion(c)Medical history variables were family history of psychiatric disorder and confirmed chronic medical illness(d)Substance use: WHO ASSIST is an alcohol, smoking, and substance involvement screening test, and it was used to screen pregnant women for substance use. It is a brief screening questionnaire for psychoactive substances. It was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and an international team of substance use researchers as a simple screening tool for hazardous, harmful, and dependent use of alcohol, tobacco, and other psychoactive substances [26](e)Maternal nutritional status: mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was used to assess the nutritional status of pregnant mothers. MUAC of less than 23 cm was considered a sign of undernutrition. MUAC measurements of pregnant mothers were taken using an MUAC tape and recorded using a standardized checklist [27](f)Psychosocial health: psychosocial health during pregnancy was measured during recruitment using the Antenatal Risk Questionnaire (ANRQ). The Antenatal Risk Questionnaire (ANRQ) addresses key domains of psychosocial health associated with increased risk of perinatal mental health morbidity (e.g., depressive or anxiety disorder) and less optimal mother-infant attachment. The ANRQ can be self-completed or administered by the clinician and used during pregnancy or postnatal care. The ANRQ has 12 scored items relating to the following risk domains: mental health history; history of physical, sexual, or emotional abuse or neglect; level of practical support and emotional support from a partner; anxiety and perfectionism levels; and stressors/losses in the last year (e.g., bereavement and separation) [28]

2.8. Data Collection Method

Data were collected from systematically selected pregnant women who presented for ANC follow-up at the selected health facilities, using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, standardized and validated screening tools (SRQ-20, LTE-Q, WHO ASSIST, and ANRQ), and a data abstract sheet. MUAC measurements of pregnant mothers were taken using an MUAC tape and recorded using a standard checklist. In the data collection process, twenty-four data collectors and four supervisors participated.

2.9. Data Quality Assurance

Data were collected using standardized screening tools. The questionnaires were prepared in English and translated into the local language (Amharic). Training was given to data collectors and supervisors. The supervisors and principal investigator checked the collected data daily for completeness and consistency.

2.10. Data Analysis

The collected data were entered into EpiData 3.5.1 and exported to SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. Frequency and percentage were used for the descriptive statistics presentation, and a logistic regression model was used to identify the statistically significant variables. The statistically significant variables with value < 0.2 at bivariable logistic regression were entered into the multivariable analysis. The multivariable logistic regression was used to identify statistically significant variables with value < 0.05, and an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the significance level.

3. Result

3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Participants

The study was conducted on 777 pregnant women in selected public health institutions, with a 99.8% response rate. The mean () age of women was years. Three-fourths (585 (75.3%)) of the pregnant women were between 20 and 34 years old (with the age range of 20 to 34 years), and 613 (78.9%) were married. Above one-fifth (22.1%) of the pregnant women had a college and above education (Table 1).

3.2. Obstetric Characteristics of the Study Participants

More than half of the pregnant women (417 (53.7%)) were in the third trimester of pregnancy, and nearly one-third (251 (32.3%)) of the pregnant women had MUAC measurements below the normal value. Fifty-seven (11.1%) and 18 (3.5%) pregnant women had a history of abortion and stillbirth, respectively. Moreover, one hundred twenty-eight (16.5%) pregnant women had pregnancy complications. The obstetric characteristics of the study participants are presented in Table 2.

3.3. Psychosocial Risk of the Study Participants

Eighty-four (10.8%) pregnant women had high psychosocial risk during pregnancy, and 76 (9.8%) pregnant women had a history of being worried or miserable for more than two weeks. Additionally, one hundred forty-six (18.8%) and 31 (4%) pregnant women were emotionally and sexually/physically abused during their lifetime, respectively. A detail of the psychosocial risk of the study participants during pregnancy is available in Table 3.

3.4. Mental Health, Medical History, Substance Use, and Stressful Life Experience of the Study Participants

Twenty-eight (3.6%) pregnant women have confirmed mental illness, and 67 (8.6%) of the pregnant women had a family history of mental illness. Furthermore, 35.1% (273) and 41.7% of the pregnant women had financial stress and health risks, respectively. About two-thirds (61.4%) of the pregnant women have reported substance use, and the majority (288 (86.2%)) used alcohol. Mental health, medical history, substance use, and stressful life experience of the study participants are presented in Table 4.

3.5. Proportion and Determinants of Common Mental Disorders during Pregnancy

The current study showed that the prevalence of the common mental disorders among pregnant women was 18.1% (95% ). The factors significantly associated with CMD include primary educational status of participants and their husbands, having a complication of current and previous pregnancies, undernutrition, high psychosocial risk during pregnancy, and having a relationship and legal problem (Table 5).

Pregnant women with primary education were 83% times less likely (, 95% ) to have common mental disorders compared to those without formal education. Furthermore, women with unplanned pregnancies were about 2.5 times (, 95% ) more likely to have maternal common mental disorders as compared with those women with a planned pregnancy. Pregnant women who reported not having complications during the current pregnancy were 89% (, 95% ) less likely to have maternal common mental disorders, and pregnant women who reported experiencing complications during the previous delivery were three times (, 95% ) more likely to have common mental disorders.

Moreover, the nutritional status of pregnant women was associated with common mental disorders. Undernourished pregnant women were twice (, 95% ) more likely to have maternal common mental disorders than those who were not undernourished. Psychosocial risk of women showed a strong statistically significant association with maternal common mental disorders; pregnant women with high psychosocial risk were almost 21 times (, 95% ) more likely to have maternal common mental disorders than those with low psychosocial risk.

Lastly, pregnant women who experienced relationship problems were two times (, 95% ) more likely to have maternal common mental disorders compared with those who did not experience them; pregnant women who encountered legal problems were seven times (, 95% ) more likely to have common mental disorders than their counterparts.

4. Discussion

In this study, nearly one in five pregnant women has common mental disorders. Primary education of pregnant women and their spouses, unplanned pregnancy, self-reported complication during current and previous pregnancy, nutritional status, psychosocial risk, and legal and relationship problems were significantly associated with common mental disorders.

The current finding revealed that the magnitude of CMD among pregnant women was 18.1% (95% ). The finding of this study was consistent with a study conducted in Brazil (20.2%) [29], a systematic review in low- and low-middle-income countries (15.6%) [4], and a study in Uganda (16.7%) [30]. However, the current finding showed that the prevalence of common mental disorders during pregnancy was higher than that in studies conducted in Butajira (12%) [23] and Debre Tabor (11.8%) [31].

The possible reason for this difference is that the study in Butajira included only women in their third trimester. In contrast, all pregnant women, regardless of their trimester, were included in this study. Additionally, the variation may be due to the measurement tool used, study setting, and sample size, as it was a community-based study. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess depression symptoms. The sample size is small in the study conducted in Debre Tabor, whereas this used an institutional-based study, large sample size, and SRQ-20 tool to assess CMD. Additionally, the finding was lower compared to studies conducted in Debre Birhan Town (45.2%) [32] and Southeast Ethiopia (35.8%) [21]. These variations may be due to differences in the study setting, as they were community-based cross-sectional studies and this is an institutional-based study.

In this study, pregnant women who had completed a primary level of education were 83% times less likely () to have common mental disorders than those with no formal education. This finding was consistent with studies in Ethiopia and Southern Brazil, where being unable to read and write and lower educational levels were associated with CMD, respectively [21, 33]. This might be due to the low educational level often related to socioeconomic disadvantages such as low income, which is also a risk factor for mental health problems [33]. The other explanation might also be due to the reason that educated mothers have higher access to reproductive health information, and this, in turn, may reduce stress related to pregnancy [34]. In contrast, this study showed that women with a husband who completed a primary level of education were 11.13 times () more likely to have common mental disorders than those with no formal education.

This study also found that pregnant women with complications during previous pregnancies were more than three () times more likely to have common mental disorders than their counterparts. These findings were supported by studies conducted in Ethiopia [31, 32, 35]. The possible reason might be that pregnant women experience depressive symptoms, and having a complication during this period may make their condition worse [21]. This may be because of adverse life events affecting the person’s mental health. Early detecting and appropriately managing pregnancy complications may reduce the risk of common mental disorders.

Additionally, women with high psychosocial risk were 20.55 () times higher than those with low psychosocial risk. This was in line with studies conducted in lower-middle-income countries [4, 36–39]. This might be because pregnant women must share their pregnancy-related worries with their partners and social networks, which may help to reduce the risk of developing common mental disorder.

Moreover, pregnant women who had experienced relationship and legal problems were 2.06 () and 7.22 () times more likely to have common mental disorders than their counterparts. The finding was consistent with the studies conducted in South Africa, Tanzania, and Ethiopia [36, 40, 41]. This might be due to family-related factors; relationships with family members, especially with the husband, had valuable prognostic significance for antenatal mental health problems [42], implying that pregnant women with relationship problems and legal issues need support.

5. Conclusion and Recommendation

The finding of this study showed that nearly one in five pregnant women had common mental disorders. Participants and husbands’ level of education, unplanned pregnancy, self-reported complication during the current and previous pregnancies, undernutrition, high psychosocial risk, and legal and relationship problems were the factors significantly associated with a common mental disorder. Antenatal care and mental health services must be integrated; screening for CMD should be part of the routine antenatal assessment and the need to refer the case to mental health services early. Professionals in antenatal care services must identify high-risk pregnant women and collaborate with the respective stakeholders to improve their mental health.

Abbreviations

ANC:	Antenatal care
ANRQ:	Antenatal Risk Questionnaire
AOR:	Adjusted odds ratio
ASSIST:	Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test
BMI:	Body mass index
CMD:	Common mental disorder
CI:	Confidence interval
LMICs:	Low- and middle-income countries
LTE-Q:	Life-Threatening Events Questionnaire
MUAC:	Mid-upper arm circumference
SRQ:	Self-Reported Questionnaire
SPSS:	Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
WHO:	World Health Organization.

Data Availability

The datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Ethical Approval

Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Woldia University. Ethical approval was given to each study site. Participants were informed on the procedures and significance of the study. Participants were also informed that no risks were associated with the study; as the study is a voluntary basis, they have the right not to participate. Any of the participants who did not volunteer were not forced to be included in the study, and participants were informed that they have the right to refuse participating in the study at any time. Confidentiality was assured for all the information provided.

Before the interview, verbal informed consent was taken from the study participants.

Disclosure

A preprint has previously been published [43].

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist.

Authors’ Contributions

Amanuel Addisu and Henok Kumsa designed and conceived the study, supervised the data collection, and performed the analysis. Lebeza Alemu, Aragaw Tesfaye, Mulugeta Wodaje, and Gedefaw Diress assisted in supervising the data collection and analysis and drafted and edited the manuscript. Kendie Mekuria, Solomon Moges, and Seteamlak Adane assisted with the data collection and analysis and critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors are very grateful to Woldia University for supporting this study. We also thank the health office managers, data collectors, and supervisors.

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Copyright © 2024 Amanuel Addisu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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